We’ll use a statistical model of the problem to motivate a prediction strategy, as well as to evaluate the quality of various strategies. In this model, the outcome of the coin toss is random; it is “heads” with some probability, say, p; and it is “tails” with the remaining probability 1− p. This number p is a parameter of the model; the possible values it can taken on, namely the interval [0, ...

We consider the problem of inference on the basis of observations. Suppose Alice has two coins, F (with probability 1/2 of landing heads) and B (with probability 3/4 of landing heads). She chooses a coin, tosses it, and it lands heads. How likely was the coin to be F? How likely was it to be B? Suppose she tosses the coin 100 times, and it lands heads every time. How likely was it to be F? How ...

We examine the interference of fairness and observers in digital coin systems. Since copying of coins cannot be prevented cryptographically in anonymous off-line coin systems, double-spending detection is one of the major tasks. An observer is a tamper resistant device that prevents doublespending physically, i.e., Alice has no access to her coins and therefore she cannot copy them. Digital coi...

Many online services access a large number of autonomous data sources and at the same time need to meet different user requirements. It is essential for these services to achieve semantic interoperability among these information exchange entities. In the presence of an increasing number of proprietary business processes, heterogeneous data standards, and diverse user requirements, it is critica...

One controversy in bilingual language processing research is whether individuals who speak more than one language selectively activate or access lexical representations in a target language, that is the language they are currently using, or whether instead, they nonselectively activate lexical representations in both languages, regardless of the language currently in use. Much of the research f...

Many online services access a large number of autonomous data sources and at the same time need to meet different user requirements. It is essential for these services to achieve semantic interoperability among these information exchange entities. In the presence of an increasing number of proprietary business processes, heterogeneous data standards, and diverse user requirements, it is critica...