Complex regional pain syndrome has long been recognized as a severe and high impact chronic pain disorder. However, the condition has historically been difficult to define and classify and little attention has been given to where complex regional pain syndrome sits within other apparently similar chronic pain disorders, such as fibromyalgia and regional pain syndrome. In this review challenges ...

Objective To find and reach a consensus on the usage of ketamine in the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome and to determine a reference protocol for future studies. Design Three hundred fifty-one medical professionals participated in our survey on practice procedures, with 104 respondents providing information on their usage of ketamine for treating the pain associated with complex r...

OBJECTIVE Advanced complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) remains very difficult to treat. While subanesthetic low-dose ketamine has shown promise in early localized CRPS, its use in advanced CRPS has not been as effective. Since ketamine's analgesic potency and duration of effect in neuropathic pain are directly dose-dependant, we investigated the efficacy of ketamine in anesthetic dosage in re...

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique that induces changes in excitability, and activation of brain neurons and neuronal circuits. It has been observed that beyond regional effects under the electrodes, tDCS also alters activity of remote interconnected cortical and subcortical areas. This makes the tDCS stimulation technique potentially prom...

INTRODUCTION EPIDEMIOLOGY PERIPHERAL NERVE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF NERVE INJURIES END ORGAN CHANGES FOLLOWING DENERVATION MECHANISMS OF NERVE INJURY ELECTRODIAGNOSIS OF PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURIES REHABILITATIVE MANAGEMENT OF PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURIES CAUSALGIA (COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME, TYPE-II) UPPER EXTREMITY NERVE INJURIES AND ENTRAPMENT SYNDROMES NERVE INJURIES AND EN...

Objective: To describe the relationship between viscerosomatic pain syndromes and myofascial pain syndromes [MPS]. Findings: Myofascial pain syndromes can be primary conditions or secondary. When they are secondary, they occur as a manifestation of another disorder. A regional pain referral from a visceral disorder can induce secondary MPS. Visceral disorders induce central sensitization with h...

Chronic pain is one of the frequently encountered clinical problems that is difficult to cure. Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy has been reported in chronic pain syndromes with promising results. In this review, we focus on the effectiveness of HBO in fibromyalgia syndrome, complex regional pain syndrome, myofascial pain syndrome, migraine, and cluster headaches. HBO may be beneficial if appropr...

Orofacial pain is a common complaint of patients that causes distress and compromises the quality of life. It has many etiologies including trauma, interventional procedures, nerve injury, varicella-zoster (shingles), tumor, and vascular and idiopathic factors. It has been demonstrated that the sympathetic nervous system is usually involved in various orofacial pain disorders such as postherpet...

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a syndrome that describes a broad spectrum of sensory, motor and autonomic-like features with unproven etiology. The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) diagnostic criteria of CRPS shows high sensitivity but poor specificity. Using statistical-pattern-recognition methods, American researchers have suggested a new set of criteria offeri...

With colleagues, we have set up CRPS Network UK to improve clinical care and promote research into this condition. Our members have been involved in developing recent evidence based national guidelines. We are disappointed that Bass writes a provocative but poorly argued case that CRPS is over diagnosed and has psychological stress as the main trigger and thus is a ‘medicalised’ phenomena[i]. W...