This is the second in a series of reports concerning stuttering pre-school children enrolled in a longitudinal study; the first was Ryan (1992). Conversational samples of 20 stuttering and 20 non-stuttering pre-school children and their mothers were analysed for speaking rate, conversational speech acts, interruption, and linguistic complexity. Between-group analyses revealed few differences be...

In experimental research, a pretest–posttest design is often used to examine the effect of treatment or intervention. Establishing equivalency across tests essential for this type research ensure validity study results. However, studies that explore test/task are scarce in second language research. This investigates seven picture-based narrative tasks such as those commonly and tests. The oral ...

This study was an attempt to investigate what metacognitive strategies are specifically employed by English learners when it comes to different speaking task types.60 students at advanced level (female) were randomly selected and given an OPT as a test of homogeneity. They were assigned to experimental and control groups. The MS questionnaire (Oxford, 1990) was also administered to see what MS ...

Speaking is one important skill in language learning. EFL students are sometimes faced with problems, while speaking to their interlocutors due to the lack of sufficient linguistic knowledge, and they have to quit the conversation. This study examines the use of speaking strategies by some Iranian male and female EFL university students .The use of these strategies was examined in relation to t...

Speaking is one important skill in language learning. EFL students are sometimes faced with problems, while speaking to their interlocutors due to the lack of sufficient linguistic knowledge, and they have to quit the conversation. This study examines the use of speaking strategies by some Iranian male and female EFL university students .The use of these strategies was examined in relation to t...

In this paper we study a large number of logics to define languages of unordered unranked trees and compare their expressive power. Generally speaking, the logics we consider stem from three non-disjoint areas: logics related to automata theory, logics discussed in descriptive complexity theory, and second-order logics. The basic logic from automata theory is monadic second-order logic. Two ext...

1. The dynamical complexity of an object is defined. This is something like its algorithmic information content, but I use a dynamical system in place of a universal Turing machine. A dynamically-complex object is, roughly speaking, one that the dynamical laws have little or no tendency to produce from a random initial state. A “GIGO” theorem is proved, that an object with dynamical complexity ...

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between HEXACO personality traits and Iranian EFL learners’ speaking ability. In order to achieve the purpose of the study, among all the language institutes (fifteen institutes) in Amol, Mazandaran Province, 8 were selected randomly (four institutes for female and four institutes for male language learners). Then, two classes were selected rando...

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between HEXACO personality traits and Iranian EFL learners’ speaking ability. In order to achieve the purpose of the study, among all the language institutes (fifteen institutes) in Amol, Mazandaran Province, 8 were selected randomly (four institutes for female and four institutes for male language learners). Then, two classes were selected rando...

This study examines the respective roles of language proficiency and more general developmental factors (e.g., mental capacity, knowledge) in children's metaphor interpretation. Subjects were Spanish-English-speaking and monolingual-English children from 7 to 12 years of age. The samples were English-speaking middle-class (n ffi 31) and working-class children (n = 34) and Spanish-English-speaki...