The increasing number and variety of patients with compromised immune systems poses a diagnostic challenge for the chest physician. Manifestations of pulmonary disease on imaging studies are diverse, with substantial overlap possible between entities. This article reviews radiologic findings in common disease states encountered when treating immune compromised patients and provides a framework ...

The factors related to the occurrence of bacteraemia following urinary tract manipulation were studied in a large community hospital. During a 3-year period, forty-six of 326 episodes of hospital-acquired bacteraemia were associated with urinary tract manipulation. All thirty of forty-six cases felt to be definitely related to urinary tract manipulation (other obvious sources of bacteraemia bei...

Abstract The host immune system has developed many mechanisms to defend against and clear virus infections, including PKR, cGAS-STING TLR-MyD88 signaling pathways. Compromised anti-viral in tumor cells allows for infection, replication lysis by oncolytic viruses. However, compromised antiviral mechanisms, together with the microenvironment (TME), limit sensitivity of cells. We generated a novel...

CASE REPORT A31-year-old African-American female presented to a local emergency department with a three week history of dysphagia, odynophagia and twenty pound weight loss in the last month. The patient also reported subjective fevers at home. Review of symptoms was significant for a rash which reportedly began on her face and spread to her arms. The patient’s medical history was remarkable for...

Anaerobic bacterial infections of man are typically associated with locally comprised tissues and commonly also with a systemically compromised host. Thus, any condition that interferes with the systemic defence mechanisms of the host and thus predisposes to infection in general, increases the incidence of anaerobic infections also. It is generally true to say that anaerobic infections occur se...

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is characterized by a complete block in T-lymphocyte differentiation. Most SCID also affects B-cell development or function, although a normal pool of pro-B cells is detectable. Treatment of SCID consists of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), but in the absence of a myeloablative conditioning regimen, only T cells, and in some case...

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that can infect most warm-blooded animals and cause severe and life-threatening disease in developing fetuses and in immune-compromised patients. Although Toxoplasma was discovered over 100 years ago, we are only now beginning to appreciate the importance of the role that parasite modulation of its host has on parasite growth, br...

Chronic infection is a hallmark of cystic fibrosis (CF) and the main contributor to morbidity. Microbial infection in CF is complex, due to the number of different species that colonise the CF lung. Their colonisation is facilitated by a host response that is impaired or compromised by highly viscous mucous, zones of hypoxia and the lack of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR). Su...

Background The apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular human pathogen causing toxoplasmosis predominantly in immune-compromised hosts such as cancer and transplant patients as well as patients with AIDS [1]. A specific cGMP-dependent protein kinase (TgPKG) which appears to be crucial for host invasion has been identified in T. gondii and related coccidial protozoa [...

Copilot is a coprocessor-based kernel integrity monitor for commodity systems. Copilot is designed to detect malicious modifications to a host’s kernel and has correctly detected the presence of 12 real-world rootkits, each within 30 seconds of their installation with less than a 1% penalty to the host’s performance. Copilot requires no modifications to the protected host’s software and can be ...