This paper presents an effective optimization method for nonlinear constrained optimization of retaining structures. The proposed algorithm is based on the particle swarm optimization with passive congregation. The optimization procedure controls all geotechnical and structural design constraints while reducing the overall cost of the retaining wall. To applying the constraints, the algorithm e...

Granular materials have a tendency to exhibit an arching effect by which the load is transferred from yielding parts to adjacent stationary parts. Retaining walls are among those structures that the soil arching plays an important role in the distribution of earth pressures. This paper briefly reviews the development of soil arching theory and its application to different geotechnical projects....

In recent years, various studies have been undertaken on how to use waste materials in civil engineering projects. Among waste materials, waste rubber has been highlighted to be used for different purposes such as reinforcing of soil and making of reinforced slopes. To investigate the properties of granulated rubber-soil mixture and its application in making of slopes behind retaining walls, so...

see through the wall radar, is a relatively new small range radar that uses electromagnetic waves to detect targets behind wall. because of its symmetry, a conducting sphere is often used as a reference scatterer to calibrate radars. in this paper, to simulate received signal for see through the wall radar, scattering model of a conducting sphere in free space is presented. then using a dielect...

To improve the blast resistance of a wall system, it is necessary to enhance its energy absorption capabilities and/or increase its mass. Much research has been performed on improving the ductility, and thus the resistance, of a wall system using elastic materials externally attached to the tension side of a wall. This project investigated the static resistance of wall systems with elastic mate...

Aimed at the reliability problems of arch retaining structure with stochastic parameters, in consideration of the influences of the randomness of the structural parameters and loads, the concrete paper applies program building relevant arch retaining structural model. The simulation programs are based on the response surface method and Monte Carlo method hybrid simulation analysis method. The s...