One potential barrier to electronic trading is the almost complete absence of any guarantees, for either trading party, that each will meet their obligations. Trust can be acquired from the use of a well-known name with an established reputation, when people are involved, but if the traders are software agents, names mean very little in the absence of reputation models. Thus, we aim to establis...

This paper discusses a problem in which  decentralized supply chains enter the market simultaneously with no existing rival chains, shape the supply chains’ networks, and set wholesale and retail prices in a noncooperative manner. All the chains produce either identical or highly substitutable products. Customer demand is elastic and price-dependent. A three-step algorithm is proposed to solve ...

A three-level relief chain including a number of suppliers in fixed locations, candidate distribution centers and affected areas at certain points are considered. A mixed integer nonlinear programming model is proposed for open transportation location routing problem by considering split delivery of demand. To solve a realistic problem, foregoing parameters are considered as fuzzy in our propos...

The sensitivity and specificity of plantar pressure in identifying diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are relatively low, leading investigators to label peak pressure (PP) as a “poor” predictor (1). Moreover, pressure-reducing therapeutic footwear is only “meagerly” effective in preventing recurrent ulceration (2). These findings indicate that DFUs have a more complicated pathology. The purpose of thi...