Background: Antipsychotic medication use is a common cause of hyperprolactinemia that shown to have adverse effects on male fertility. Risperidone is a combined serotonin/dopamine receptor antagonist that can cause elevations in prolactine level. Its mechanism of cytotoxic effects on testicular germ cells is not fully understood. In the present study we sought to elucidate the impact of risperi...

The new coronavirus pandemic brought the need for researchers to work tirelessly in search therapies or vaccines that would allow control of spread virus around world. Fortunately there are two RNA against COVID-19 have finished clinical tests and approved some countries. They first third generation history time record. But still concerns about safety DNA/RNA vaccines. Here we bring a discussio...

introduction: the hepatitis b is a viral infection that causes a big problem globally. about 2 billion people worldwide are infected and there are now about 400 million hbv-dna carriers around the world. hbv infection is the ninth cause of death worldwide and infects about 350 million new cases each year in the world. hbv-dna can be spotted in different body secretions and fluids, including ser...

disorder in re-methylation process of homocysteine to methionine due to mutation in betaine homocysteine methyltransferase enzyme (bhmt) coding gene, leads to decrease in s-adenosyl methionine (sam) synthesis which takes part in dna methylation as a methyl donor. as a result, it can promote hypo-methylation of dna, chromosome instability, and chromosome missegregation, which in turn is one of t...

background: dna isolation procedure can significantly influence the quantification of dna by real time pcr specially when cell free dna (cfdna) is the subject. to assess the extraction efficiency, linearity of the extraction yield, presence of co-purified inhibitors and to avoid problems with fragment size relevant to cfdna, development of appropriate external dna control (edc) is challenging. ...

In “Dynamics and Control of DNA Sequence Amplification”, we have formulated the PCR optimal control problem and discussed the strategies for solving it. In this chapter, we implement those strategies and solve a simple PCR optimal control problem. The foundational concepts of Optimal Control were developed as early as the 1750s in classical mechanics as the principle of least action, a variatio...

differentiation of stem cells from a pluripotent to a committed state involves global changes in genome expression patterns, the best known as “epigenetic modifications”. epigenetic mechanisms, including histone modifications, dna methylation and non-coding rna-mediated regulatory events are considered as the essential factors to control the heritable cellular memory of gene expression during d...

Stereochemical control of DNA biosynthesis was studied using several DNA-synthesizing complexes containing, in each case, a single substitution of a 2'-deoxy-D-nucleotide residue by an enantiomeric L-nucleotide residue in a DNA chain (either in the primer or in the template) as well as 2'-deoxy-L-ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphates (L-dNTPs) as substrates. Three template-dependent DNA polymerases w...