Abstract Tropical convection tends to be more intense over land than ocean, but why? Numerous previous studies have investigated the causes of this difference. This paper revisits question using CloudSat data and focuses on interconnecting various environmental parameters cloud properties, which often been examined in a piecemeal way past. Our analysis shows that if is treated as process by pot...

[1] An analysis of thunderstorm environment, structure, and evolution associated with six gigantic jets (five negative polarity, one positive) was conducted. Three of these gigantic jets were observed within detection range of very high frequency lightning mapping networks. All six were within range of operational radars and two-dimensional lightning network coverage: five within the National L...

Recently, both Rennó and Ingersoll (1996, hereafter RI) and Emanuel and Bister (1996, hereafter EB) derive theoretical formulas for the convective available potential energy (CAPE), the fractional area covered by active updrafts, and the vertical velocity in the active updrafts for atmospheres in radiative–convective equilibrium. The theories of RI and EB differ primarily in the means of closur...

The boreal winter Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) remains very weak and irregular in the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Atmosphere Model version 2 (CAM2) as in its direct predecessor, the Community Climate Model version 3 (CCM3). The standard version of CAM2 uses the deep convective scheme of Zhang and McFarlane, as in CCM3, with the closure dependent on convective av...

Tropical upper-tropospheric troughs (TUTTs), transient summertime disturbances over the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, are also observed to frequently occur in the North American monsoon (NAM) region. However, unlike TUTTs over the Pacific and Atlantic, which feature a predominance of precipitation on the eastern flank of the disturbances, TUTTs in the NAM region have been shown to enhance precip...

Blue electric streamer discharges in the upper reaches of thunderclouds are observed as flashes 337.0 nm (blue) with faint or no emissions 777.4 (red). Analyzing 3 years measurements by Atmosphere-Space Interactions Monitor on International Space Station, we find that their distribution rise time falls into two categories. One fast times 30 ?s less relatively unaffected cloud scattering and ema...

Solar pond is a device which entraps the impinging solar radiation and stores it as thermal energy in its salty layers. Simple salt gradient solar pond consists of three basic layers: lower convective zone, non-convective zone and last is upper convective zone. In present study a simple working experimental setup of salt gradient solar pond was fabricated equipped with thermo siphon heat exchan...

Helicity was calculated in Hurricane Bonnie (1998) using tropospheric-deep dropsonde soundings from the NASA Convection and Moisture Experiment. Large helicity existed downshear of the storm center with respect to the ambient vertical wind shear. It was associated with veering, semicircular hodographs created by strong, vortex-scale, radial-vertical flow induced by the shear. The most extreme v...

Helicity was calculated in Hurricane Bonnie (1998) using tropospheric-deep dropsonde soundings from the Convection and Moisture Experiment conducted by NASA. Large helicity existed downshear of the storm center with respect to the ambient vertical wind shear. It was associated with veering, semi-circular hodographs created by strong, vortex-scale, radial-vertical flow induced by the shear. The ...