Nuclear medicine, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are considered ideal imaging modalities for pediatric patients. The future is even more promising for pediatric imaging with the development of newer and improved radiopharmaceuticals, instrumentation and diagnostic modalities such as positron emission tomography, labeled monoclonal antibodies, and faster dynamic and contrast en...

Public perception surrounding whether cannabis use is harmful during pregnancy often diverges greatly from the recommendations of doctors and healthcare providers. In contrast to medical guidance abstinence before, during, after pregnancy, many women reproductive age believe associated with little potential harm. Legalization social cues support public perceptions that safe. Moreover, pregnant ...

Climate change conservation planning relies heavily on correlative species distribution models that estimate future areas of occupancy based on environmental conditions encountered in present-day ranges. The approach benefits from rapid assessment of vulnerability over a large number of organisms, but can have poor predictive power when transposed to novel environments and reveals little in the...

When dealing with a dynamic causal system people may employ a variety of different strategies. One of these strategies is causal learning, that is, learning about the causal structure and parameters of the system acted upon. In two experiments we examined whether people spontaneously induce a causal model when learning to control the state of an outcome value in a dynamic causal system. After t...

The appearance of an animal species is a complex phenotype partially encoded in its genome. Previous work on linking genotype to visually-identifiable phenotypes has focused on univariate or low-dimensional traits such as eye color1, principal variations in skeletal structure2 and height3, as well as on the discovery of specific genes that contribute to these traits. Here, we go beyond single t...

Several Germanic languages use correlatives to mark subordination. German is considered to be a prime example of a language realizing correlative constructions to embed finite argument clauses. This paper discusses complex clausal constructions in German that can be identified by a so-called correlative nominal element es (‘it’) and a right-peripheral full clausal argument that is linked to es....

We consider the problem of learning the functions computing children from parents in a Structural Causal Model once the underlying causal graph has been identified. This is in some sense the second step after causal discovery. Taking a probabilistic approach to estimating these functions, we derive a natural myopic active learning scheme that identifies the intervention which is optimally infor...

In this paper, we apply a recently developed differential approach to inference in staged tree models to causal inference. Staged trees generalise modelling techniques established for Bayesian networks (BN). They have the advantage that they can depict highly nuanced structure impossible to express in a BN and also enable us to perform causal manipulations associated with very general types of ...

Health information technology evaluators need to distinguish between intervention efficacy as assessed in the ideal circumstances of clinical trials and intervention effectiveness as assessed in the real world circumstances of actual practice. Because current evaluation study designs do not routinely allow for this distinction, we have developed a framework for evaluation of implementation fide...

In this paper, we discuss several concepts in causal inference in terms of causal diagrams proposed by Pearl (1993, 1995a, b), and we give conditions for non-confounding, homogeneity and collapsibility for causal e€ects without knowledge of a completely constructed causal diagram. We ®rst introduce the concepts of non-confounding, conditional non-confounding, uniform non-confounding, homogeneit...