The measurements of expansion rate H(z) and the growth fσ8(z) describe evolution universe, both them can constrain cosmological models through data analysis. Due to lack points, these datasets are combined by traditional method (χ2 method) select a best-fitting model. In 2017, Linder proposed joint method, which describes universe H(z)−fσ8 diagram instead redshift z. Compared individual dataset...

Confinement of cosmic rays by turbulent magnetic fields and the relation between magnetic and cosmic ray energy densities are investigated. Cosmic rays are assumed to diffuse preferentially along magnetic field lines. The implementation into a nonconservative high-order finite difference code is discussed. By solving an explicitly time-dependent equation for the cosmic ray energy flux, causalit...

This work extends our previous two-dimensional self-consistent model of the cosmic rays interacting with the solar wind to include anomalous cosmic rays. As before, energetic particles are described kinetically using a Parker equation. The model includes diffusion, convection, and drift effects, as well as shock and compression acceleration and expansion cooling by nonuniform solar wind flow. A...

The evolution of the universe is described as an advancement of time, and only collaterally an expansion of space. An interpretation of time as proceeding at the equivalent of c across space, perpendicular to space, per a reconsideration of Minkowski’s spacetime geometry, supports a description of the cosmos as a fourdimensional (hyper)spherical wavefront. By treating space as the surface of a ...

In 1964, Refsdal hypothesized that a supernova whose light traversed multiple paths around a strong gravitational lens could be used to measure the rate of cosmic expansion. We report the discovery of such a system. In Hubble Space Telescope imaging, we have found four images of a single supernova forming an Einstein cross configuration around a redshift z = 0.54 elliptical galaxy in the MACS J...

Observations exploring the contemporary cosmic acceleration have sparked interest in dark energy models possessing equations of state with w < −1. We review how the cosmic expansion history of a Dvali–Gabadadze–Porrati (DGP) braneworld model with a standard brane cosmological constant can mimic that of ordinary 4–dimensional gravity with w < −1 “phantom” dark energy for observationally relevant...

Observations exploring the contemporary cosmic acceleration have sparked interest in dark energy models possessing equations of state with w < −1. We review how the cosmic expansion history of a Dvali–Gabadadze–Porrati (DGP) braneworld model with a standard brane cosmological constant can mimic that of ordinary 4–dimensional gravity with w < −1 “phantom” dark energy for observationally relevant...

A timely combination of new theoretical ideas and observational discoveries has brought about significant advances in our understanding of cosmic evolution. Computer simulations have played a key role in these developments by providing the means to interpret astronomical data in the context of physical and cosmological theory. In the current paradigm, our Universe has a flat geometry, is underg...