One of the most important issues in all stages of mining study is capital cost estimation. Determination of capital expenditure is a challenging issue for mine designers. In recent decade, quite a few number of studies have focused on proposing estimation models to predict mining capital cost. However, these efforts have not achieved to a predictor model with reliable range of error. Both of ov...

ost estimation for an engineering project traditionally involves development of an “engineer’s estimate” of the project cost to which contingency is added to develop the “total project cost.” Contingency is used to reflect the fact that regardless of the diligence and competence of the estimator, there is uncertainty in the final cost of the project. Material costs change over time, markups and...

The paper gives an overview of the state o f the art o f software cost estimation (SCE). The main questions to be answered in the paper are: (I) What are the reasons for overruns o f budgets and planned durations? (2) What are the prerequisites for estimating? (3) How can software development effort be estimated? (4) What can software project management expect from SCE models, how accurate are ...

One of the most important and valuable goal of software development life cycle is software cost estimation or SCE. During the recent years, SCE has attracted the attention of researchers due to huge amount of software project requests. There have been proposed so many models using heuristic and meta-heuristic algorithms to do machine learning process for SCE. COCOMO81 is one of the most popular...

Software cost estimation is the process of predicting the effort required to develop a software system. Many estimation models have been proposed over the last 30 years. This paper provides a general overview of software cost estimation methods including the recent advances in the field. As a number of these models rely on a software size estimate as input, we first provide an overview of commo...

introduction air pollution is one of the critical challenges in metropolitans around the world. according to world health organization (who), three millions people die from air pollution annually. in some studies mortality costs by air pollution was estimated. social cost of air pollution was estimated 28990 billions rials in tehran city. the mortality cost by air pollution was estimated about ...

Supply chain management helps partners in the chain to justify internal costs. The pursuit of cost information through the supply chain is very important for controlling costs, which helps to establish and optimize activities in institutions in the value chain. In this research, we have tried to review the literature on Supply Chain Costing in order to predict a model of management dashboard de...