Graphic design applications are often used for the editing and design of digital art. The same applications can be used for creating counterfeit documents like identity documents (IDs), driver’s licenses or passports among others. However the use of any graphic design application leaves behind traces of digital information which can be used during a digital forensic investigation. Current digit...

Recently, it was revealed that generic miltefosine capsules for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis, a fatal parasitic disease, were possibly counterfeit products. Here we report on the methods to characterize and identify miltefosine in pharmaceutical products and the procedures that were used to assess the quality of these suspected counterfeit products. Characterization and identificatio...

Product counterfeiting is a well-known problem, one that has been with us for a very long time. Trademarks go back to ancient times and where there are trademarks counterfeiting soon follows. Recently more attention is being paid to fi ghting the problem. It would seem the fi rst logical step would be to determine the size of the counterfeit market. But estimating the extent of this illicit tra...

The appearance of counterfeit medicines in supply chains is a global public health problem that may seriously affect patients. Counterfeit drugs do not meet quality standards and do not declare their real composition and/or source for the purposes of fraud. They may be generic or innovative, they may contain genuine constituents in a fake packaging, or wrong ingredients, or inactive ingredients...

Aim: Counterfeit drugs are a threat to human health worldwide. It can be seen that insufficient research has been conducted on the subject of counterfeit related potentially addictive seized by authorities. The aim this study was investigate whether or not there for sale in Turkish market, which under heading probiotics defined as micro-organisms with positive effect when taken certain quantiti...

Experts disagree for many reasons and it is generally accepted that there is no `rational’ way to make them agree. As Michaels (2008) has demonstrated with regard to the activities of the tobacco industry, however, expert disagreement can be ‘manufactured’. This suggests a distinction between ‘genuine’ and ‘counterfeit scientific controversies.’ I argue that it is necessary and possible to dist...

I researched the ability of browsers to counterfeit the behaviour of installed software. In full screen mode browsers can counterfeit almost anything, including BSOD, formatting the hard drive and fake login screens. I found one category of behaviour which could not be counterfeited by a remote website. On examination every solution in that category was a secret known by the computer user and h...

Direct infusion electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry in the negative ion mode [ESI(-)-MS] was employed to evaluate the authenticity of aged cachaças, a traditional and valuable Brazilian alcoholic beverage prepared from the distillation of brewed sugarcane juice and aged in barrels made of common woods. Counterfeit samples were prepared by adding dyes, sawdust or essences to a freshly-dist...