Skin reactions at the infusion site are a common side effect of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy. We hypothesized that local skin complications are caused by components of commercial insulin formulations that contain phenol or m-cresol as excipients. The toxic potential of insulin solutions and the mechanisms leading to skin reactions were explored in cultured cells. The toxicit...

The Priority Data Needs documents are intended to characterize substance-specific priority data needs determined via the ATSDR Decision guide for identifying substance-specific data needs related to toxicological profiles (54 Federal Register 37618, September 11, 1989). The identified priority data needs reflect the opinion of the Agency, in consultation with other federal programs, of the rese...

The mechanism of adsorption p-cresol over activated carbon adsorbent and the specific role oxygen functional groups on cresol were studied using density theory (DFT) calculations. All energy calculations geometry optimization pertaining to DFT done B3LYP hybrid at basis set 6-31g level in a dielectric medium ε = 80 (corresponding water). interaction with different models, namely pristine carbon...

The effects of six phenolic compounds (o-, m-, and p-cresol and 2-, 3-, and 4-ethylphenol) on the anaerobic biodegradation of phenol was examined in batch methanogenic cultures. Results showed that ethylphenols were more inhibitory of phenol degradation than were cresols. The inhibitory effects of the three isomers of cresol and ethylphenol did not vary with the isomer but rather with the subst...

Pseudomonas mendocina KR1 grows on toluene as a sole carbon and energy source. A multicomponent oxygenase was partially purified from toluene-grown cells and separated into three protein components. The reconstituted enzyme system, in the presence of NADH and Fe2+, oxidized toluene to p-cresol as the first detectable product. Experiments with p-deutero-toluene led to the isolation of p-cresol w...

The biodegradation of phenol, p-cresol, and phenol plus p-cresol mixtures was evaluated using Pseudomonas putida ATCC 17484 in aerobic batch reactors. Shake-flask experiments were performed separately growth medium with initial nominal concentrations (50–600 mg L−1) as well L−1). complete degradation achieved within 48 h 48–56 h, respectively, for all p-cresol. maximum cell rate (μmax,P = 0.45 ...

Background: Preand/or probiotics can cause changes in the ecological balance of intestinal microbiota and hence influence the microbial metabolic activities. In the present study, the 30 influence of oligofructose-enriched inulin (OF-IN), Lactobacillus casei Shirota (LacS) and Bifidobacterium breve Yakult on the colonic fate of NH3 and p-cresol was investigated. Methods: A randomized, placebo-c...