After the First Crusade against Levant States were created. The four states were: County of Edessa, Principality Antioch, Tripoli and Kingdom Jerusalem. Armenian Cilicia founded before Crusades in 1080 granted status 1198 was not traditionally included States, i.e. Outremer (in French outré-mer signifies overseas, distant lands). However, cultural expansion penetrating borders neighbouring Cili...

Although sheep (Ovis aries) have been one of the most exploited domestic animals in Estonia since the Late Bronze Age, relatively little is known about their genetic history. Here, we explore temporal changes in Estonian sheep populations and their mitochondrial genetic diversity over the last 3000 years. We target a 558 base pair fragment of the mitochondrial hypervariable region in 115 ancien...

Received 3 November 1993 Revised version accepted for publication 28 March 1994 Abstract Metachromatic leucodystrophy is an autosomal recessive degenerative disease of the nervous system caused by the deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme arylsulphatase A (ARSA). We report here on the high incidence of late infantile MLD among Muslim Arabs originating from Jerusalem, most probably because of a fou...

T he word ‘‘eye’’ has its origin in Anglo-Saxon, probably from the Baltic languages, with the Fresian ‘‘oie’’ the closest precursor. In middle English it is variously spelt as ighe, eghe, eighe, and eie. It is not surprising that there is a town of Eye in Suffolk, and that eye hospitals are an AngloSaxon phenomenon. Their origin in the early part of the 19th century had been preceded by the rec...

This article examines the content of the Middle East term in terms of international relations. The term of East which goes back to ancient times, has been used to describe the rest, outside of Europe in cultural expressions instead of a geographical region to portray opposite world for centuries. Since the Crusades, East (Orient) was identified with Islam and West (Occident) became identical wi...

The article provides a theoretical analysis of historical roots and the nature international legal personality Order Malta. was established in 1048 to provide medical support wounded sick pilgrim Holy Land. In following years, became military functions participated Crusades. Power over territory population never main mission Order. author’s opinion, Malta rather platform for cooperation knights...

The first orders of knights were formed in the royal courts late Middle Ages. When ancient eastern Christian centres had all fallen following conquests Seljuk Turks, by end 11th century, Rome and Western Christianity forced to take action. During First Crusade, ecclesiastical established on model monastic orders. Their creation was not a spontaneous process, but conscious undertaking, for membe...

As long as we remained within the Orthodox Church circles, worshiping and studying, there was no clear explanation on what icons stands for, or are meant to be. It after venturing into theological training, at a Protestant ecumenical University, that challenge of understanding unveiled. Historically, Iconoclasm, medieval period controversy, led schism in persecutions iconodules. Apparently, did...

“Balkan Peninsula”. “Balkans”. “Balkan people”. “Balkan style”. “Balkanism”. “Balkan federation”. “Balkan folklore”. “Balkan economic zone”. “Balkan orientalism”. “Balkan ethnic minorities”. “Balkan identity”. “Balkan identities”. “Balkan nationalism”. “Balkan policies of the Great Powers”. “Balkan self-(no)confidence”. “Balkan interests”. “Responsibility of the Balkan Governments”. “Balkan pol...