We demonstrate a high-performance cryogenic amplifier based on a radio-frequency single-electrontransistor ~rf-SET!. The high charge sensitivity and large bandwidth of the rf-SET, along with low power dissipation, low capacitance and on-chip integrability, make it a good candidate for a general-purpose cryogenic amplifier for high impedance sources. We measure a large-gate rf-SET with an open-l...

Laser driven particle acceleration and measurements ofion energy loss in plasma largely rely on suitable targets toachieve good particle beam and plasma quality. Recent re-search results [2] indicate that cryogenic targets allow forvery high ion energies. Advantages of our cryogenic tar-gets include high purity at solid density in a self-supportedstructure as well as fit...

joule-thomson cooling systems are used in refrigeration processes such as cryogenic gas liquefaction. although extensive studies have been carried out by researchers, most of them include cryogenic heat exchangers and their associated fields. in the current study, an attempt was made to indicate the effect of using inappropriate operational conditions in a cryogenic joule-thomson cooling system...

â liquefied natural gas (lng) is the most economical way of transporting natural gas (ng) over long distances. liquefaction of ng by using vapor compression refrigeration system requires high operating and capital cost. due to lack of systematic design methods for multistage refrigeration cycles, the conventional approaches of determining optimal cycle configuration are mostly based on trial-an...

In recent years, as a rule, improvement of the reliability of liquid propellant rockets becomes an international technical problem for built-up of safe space transport systems. The high performance, liquid propellant rocket engines require high-pressured turbopumps to deliver extremely low temperature propellants of liquid oxygen (LO2, boiling point 90 K) and liquid hydrogen (LH2, boiling point...

Ambient and cryogenic surface mechanical attrition treatments (SMAT) are applied to bcc iron plate. Both processes result in significant surface grain refinement down to the ultrafine-grained regime; the cryogenic treatment results in a 45% greater grain size reduction. However, the refined region is shallower in the cryogenic SMAT process. The tensile ductility of the grain size gradient remai...

In some experiments and applications there is need for large-area photosensitive detectors to operate at cryogenic temperatures. Nowadays, vacuum PMs are usually used for this purpose. We have developed special designs of planar photosensitive gaseous detectors able to operate at cryogenic temperatures. Such detectors are much cheaper PMs and are almost insensitive to magnetic fields. Results o...

Cryogenic treatment (CT) is the supplementary process to conventional heat treatment process in steels, by deep–freezing materials at cryogenic temperatures to enhance the mechanical and physical properties of materials being treated. Cryogenic treatment (CT) of materials has shown significant improvement in their properties .Various advantages like increase in hardness, increase in wear resist...

Proteins are known to undergo a dynamical transition at around 200 K but the underlying mechanism, physical origin, and relationship to water are controversial. Here we report an observation of a protein dynamical transition as low as 110 K. This unexpected protein dynamical transition precisely correlated with the cryogenic phase transition of water from a high-density amorphous to a low-densi...

This paper discusses current plans and issues for exploration that involve the use of cryogenic transfer. The benefits of cryogenic transfer to exploration missions are examined. The current state of the art of transfer technology is reviewed. Mission concepts of operation for exploration are presented, and used to qualitatively discuss the performance benefits of transfer. The paper looks at t...