Urban agglomeration economies are usually divided into two categories: urbanization economies and localization economies. In the 1970s and 1980s, a number of attempts were made to estimate urbanization economies and/or localization economies directly in the production function. Since the work by Glaeser et al. in 1992, however, historical effects on agglomeration called dynamic externalities in...

Unlike policy makers‟ belief that geographical proximity to incumbent exporters encourages non-exporters to start exporting through positive information externalities, the empirical evidence in early studies is mixed. To make a contribution to fill the gap, this paper reexamines the relationship between the spatial and industrial agglomeration of exporting firms and the probability of being an ...

Bimetallic catalysts (Co:Mo ≈ 2:1 in atomic ratio) were prepared on quartz substrates from metal acetate solutions using a procedure of dip coating, followed by calcination and reduction. High-purity single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) 1–2 nm in diameter were grown densely (~1.0×10 17 m-2) and vertically on these substrates during an alcohol catalytic chemical vapor deposition process. To cl...

Present review on the topic explores the different techniques of spherical agglomeration employed in pharmaceutical sciences and their potential applications in developing new particulate systems of drug. Spherical agglomeration is a particle engineering technique which transforms the fine crystals into spherical particles in a single step. These techniques applied in development of new systems...

Purpose: This study determined total surface energy distributions using an Inverse Gas Chromatography (IGC) to understand the de-agglomeration of fine lactose powders commonly used in dry powder inhaler formulations. Methods: The particle size distribution (PSD) of two lactose samples, Lactohale 300 (Lac A) and micronized lactose (Lac B), were determined by laser diffraction in liquid media, an...

OBJECTIVES This study dealt with the wet agglomeration process in which a small quantity of binder liquid was added into a suspension of crystals, directly in the stirring vessel where the crystallization took place. The purpose of this investigation was evaluation of the effect of temperature on the agglomeration process in order to gain insight into the mechanism of the formation of the agglo...

Transport investments can induce positive productivity benefits via agglomeration economies by increasing the scale and efficiency of spatial economic interactions. In assessing the ‘agglomeration benefits’ of transport investments we need to understand the spatial scale over which these externalities are distributed. This report is concerned with the effect of urban agglomeration on productivi...