Cancer stem cells (CSC) have been identified in a growing number of human malignancies. CSC are functionally defined by their ability to self-renew and recapitulate tumors in the ectopic setting, and a growing number of studies have shown that they display other functional characteristics, such as invasion and drug resistance. These unique functional properties implicate a role for CSC in clini...

In the last lecture a primal-dual analysis was used to show a 2-approximation for theVertex Cover problem. Here we extend these ideas to show a 2-approximation for the Steiner Forest problem using a primal-dual analysis. In the Steiner Forest problem there is a graph G = (V,E) where each edge e ∈ E has a cost ce ∈ R. We are given k pairs of terminals s1, t1, s2, t2, . . . sk, tk ∈ V . The goal ...

This report describes a concise encoding of mathematical formulas based on MathML. A significant reduction in file size can be achieved by using a simple encoding scheme of identifying and reducing all content tags to a length of 8 bits, along with the removal of obvious redundancies, and a final pass through gzip. The encoder can be viewed as a front-end preprocessor to gzip, enabling gzip to ...

Long-standing and deeply embedded institutional racism, notably anti-Black racism in US health care, has provided a solid footing for the inequities by race evident COVID-19 pandemic. Inequities susceptibility, exposure, infection, hospitalization, treatment reflect reinforce this cause incalculable preventable suffering loss of Black lives. This paper identifies multiple expressions crisis sta...

BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence suggested that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cell (CSC) characteristics, both of which contribute to tumor invasion and metastasis, are interrelated with miR-21. MiR-21 is one of the important microRNAs associated with tumor progression and metastasis, but the molecular mechanisms underlying EMT and CSC phenotype during miR-21 contribut...

BACKGROUND We evaluated subfoveal choroidal thickness measured with two different forms of optical coherence tomography (OCT), enhanced-depth imaging (EDI) and swept-source (SS) OCT, in central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). METHODS Fifty-six eyes of 48 patients diagnosed with acute or chronic CSC, were studied prospectively. Subfoveal choroidal thickness was measured as the distance between...

BACKGROUND/AIMS Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) ranks sixth worldwide for tumor-related mortality. A subpopulation of tumor cells, termed cancer stem cells (CSCs), has the ability to support cancer growth. Therefore, profiling CSC-enriched populations could be a reliable tool to study cancer biology. METHODS We performed phenotypic characterization of 7 HNSCC cell lines and eval...

Personalized cancer medicine based on the analysis of tumors en masse is limited by tumor heterogeneity, which has become a major obstacle to effective cancer treatment. Cancer stem cells (CSC) are emerging as key drivers of inter- and intratumoral heterogeneity. CSC have unique metabolic dependencies that are required not only for specific bioenergetic/biosynthetic demands but also for sustain...