Previous studies have shown that polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced osmotic stress (OS) reduces cell-wall (CW) porosity and limits aluminium (Al) uptake by root tips of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). A subsequent transcriptomic study suggested that genes related to CW processes are involved in adjustment to OS. In this study, a proteomic and phosphoproteomic approach was applied to identif...

The bacterial flagellar motor is a reversible rotary machine that rotates a left-handed helical filament, allowing bacteria to swim toward a more favorable environment. The direction of rotation reverses from counterclockwise (CCW) to clockwise (CW), and vice versa, in response to input from the chemotaxis signaling circuit. CW rotation is normally caused by binding of the phosphorylated respon...

In this paper we present a new algorithm for computing the homology of regular CW-complexes. This algorithm is based on the coreduction algorithm due to Mrozek and Batko and consists essentially of a geometric preprocessing algorithm for the standard chain complex generated by a CW-complex. By employing the concept of S-complexes the original chain complex can — in all known practical cases — b...

We prove that a metric space is an ANR if, and only if, every open subset of X has the homotopy type of a CW-complex.

The present study was carried out to investigate whether sign language structure plays a role in the processing of complex words (i.e., derivational and compound words), in particular, the delay of complex word reading in deaf adolescents. Chinese deaf adolescents were found to respond faster to derivational words than to compound words for one-sign-structure words, but showed comparable perfor...

We show how the classical notions of cohomology with local coefficients, CW-complex, covering space, homeomorphism equivalence, simple homotopy tubular neighbourhood, and spinning can be encoded on a computer used to calculate ambient isotopy invariants continuous embeddings N ↪ M one topological manifold into another. More specifically, we describe an algorithm for computing homology H n ( X ,...

Morphometric characters are important to estimate the population of crustacean species. In the present study, relationships between various morphometric characters of the freshwater crab Sodhiana iranica was studied at Eelood freshwater spring of southern Iran. Crabs were collected randomly from April 2012 to April 2013 bimonthly. A total of 69 (43.67%) females and 89 (56.32%) males were col...

The direction of rotation of the Escherichia coli flagellum is controlled by an assembly called the switch complex formed from multiple subunits of the proteins FliG, FliM, and FliN. Structurally, the switch complex corresponds to a drum-shaped feature at the bottom of the basal body, termed the C-ring. Stimulus-regulated reversals in flagellar motor rotation are the basis for directed movement...