OBJECTIVE To quantify the effects of increased cycling on both mortality and morbidity. DESIGN Health Impact Assessment. SETTING Cycling to place of work or education in Copenhagen, Denmark. POPULATION Effects were calculated based on the working-age population of Copenhagen. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome measure was change in burden of disease (measured as disability-adjust...

osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease. in addition to morbidity, osteoporotic fractures also increase mortality risk in affected patients. enough evidence is not available to indicate that, like western countries, osteoporosis is a public health problem in iran. therefore emrc planned to estimate the burden of osteoporotic fractures in year 2001 based on existing sources of dat...

BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a growing cause of mortality and morbidity in Tanzania, but contextualized evidence on cost-effective medical strategies to prevent it is scarce. We aim to perform a cost-effectiveness analysis of medical interventions for primary prevention of CVD using the World Health Organization's (WHO) absolute risk approach for four risk levels. METHODS The co...

BACKGROUND Whether to cover cardiovascular disease costs is an increasingly pressing question for low- and middle-income countries. We sought to identify the impact of expanding national insurance to cover primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary treatment for cardiovascular disease in India. METHODS AND RESULTS We incorporated data from coverage experiments into a validated mic...

BACKGROUND Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe gastroenteritis in children <5 years of age and is responsible for >500,000 deaths annually; approximately 85% of this burden is in low-income countries eligible for financial support from the GAVI Alliance. We projected the uptake, health impact, and cost-effectiveness of introducing rotavirus vaccination in GAVI-eligible countries to help po...

BACKGROUND Reliable and comparable analysis of risks to health is key for preventing disease and injury. Causal attribution of morbidity and mortality to risk factors has traditionally been in the context of individual risk factors, often in a limited number of settings, restricting comparability. Our aim was to estimate the contributions of selected major risk factors to global and regional bu...

We thank Daly et al for providing valuable comments regarding our recent paper on the prognostic role of muscle loss during anticancer treatment in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. We have found that muscle mass decreased significantly during chemotherapy and a decrease in muscle mass was independently associated with poor survival in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Daly ...

Safe water systems (SWSs) have been shown to reduce diarrhea and death. We examined the cost-effectiveness of SWS for HIV-affected households using health outcomes and costs from a randomized controlled trial in Tororo, Uganda. SWS was part of a home-based health care package that included rapid diarrhea diagnosis and treatment of 196 households with relatively good water and sanitation coverag...

BACKGROUND Despite recent improvements in prevention, diagnosis and treatment, vast differences in melanoma burden still exist between populations. Comparative data can highlight these differences and lead to focused efforts to reduce the burden of melanoma. OBJECTIVES To assess global, regional and national melanoma incidence, mortality and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) estimates from...

OBJECTIVE To estimate the cost-effectiveness of daily oral tenofovir-based PrEP, with a protective effect against HSV-2 as well as HIV-1, among HIV-1 serodiscordant couples in South Africa. METHODS We incorporated HSV-2 acquisition, transmission, and interaction with HIV-1 into a microsimulation model of heterosexual HIV-1 serodiscordant couples in South Africa, with use of PrEP for the HIV-1...