BACKGROUND Among cancer patients, probabilities of death from that cancer and other causes in the presence of competing risks are optimal measures of prognosis and of mortality across demographic groups. We used data on breast cancer patients from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program in a competing-risk analysis. METHODS We determined vital status and cause of death ...

Richard Jeffrey’s radical probabilism (‘probability all the way down’) is augmented by the claim that probability cannot be turned into certainty, except by data that logically exclude all alternatives. This claim is illustrated in frequentist language by an infinite nesting of confidence levels, and in Bayesian language by means of Jeffrey’s updating of odds.

The role of the adenosine A3 receptor continues to baffle, and, despite an increasing number of studies, the currently available data add to, rather than alleviate, the existing confusion. The reported effects of adenosine A3 receptor stimulation appear to depend on the pattern of drug administration (acute vs. chronic), dose, and type of the target tissue. Thus, while acute exposure to A3 rece...

Recent studies have confirmed heart rate fall after treadmill exercise testing, or heart rate recovery, as a powerful predictor of mortality from heart disease. Heart rate recovery depends on central reactivation of vagal tone and decreased vagal activity is a risk factor for death. If heart rate recovery is defined as the fall in heart rate after 1 minute following peak exercise, then a heart ...

BACKGROUND Strict restrictions on outdoor cigarette marketing have resulted in increasing concentration of cigarette marketing at the point-of-sale (POS). The association between POS cigarette marketing and smoking-induced deprivation (SID) has never been studied. The aim of this study was to examine this association and how it is mediated by cravings to smoke, urges to buy cigarettes, and unpl...

in this paper, the security of a distance bounding protocol is analyzed which has been recently proposed by jannati and falahati (so-called jf). we prove that an adversary can recover key bits of jf protocol with probability of “1” while the complexity of attack is “2n” runs of protocol. in addition, we propose an improved protocol and prove that the improved protocol is resistant to mafia frau...

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected more than 180 countries and killed half a million people up to now. Risk factors for death are not yet fully identified. Objectives: present study aimed at comparing the clinical manifestations risk between two groups of patients with aged under above 50 in Qom Province, Iran. Methods: current retrospective cohort was conducted on 178 Province. Pat...