The peculiarities of the psychological training as an element component for self-ensuring personal safety are highlighted in article. Authors define training, line with legal and special physical, a key forming readiness to effective self-defense, relevant necessary educational area context discipline "Basics self-defense". Highlighting role withstand real danger extreme situations, authors hav...

Introduction: Cough and expiration reflex are major lower airway defense mechanisms that have not been studied throughout development in relation with the feeding behavior. Aim: To describe airway defense reflexes evoked by mechanical stimulation of the trachea in developing rabbit pups. Material and Methods: Sixty one pups were allocated to 3 groups according to their feeding behavior: sucklin...

Cooperation during territorial defense allows social groups of African lions to defend access to resources necessary for individual reproductive success. Some forms of cooperation will be dependent upon cognition: reciprocity places greater cognitive demands on participants than does kinship or mutualism. Lions have well-developed cognitive abilities that enable individuals to recognize and int...

Mutualistic interactions typically involve the exchange of different commodities between species. Nutritious secretions are produced by a number of insects and plants in exchange for services such as defense. These rewards are valuable metabolically and can be used to reinforce the behavior of symbiotic partners that can learn and remember them effectively. We show here novel effects of insect ...

During civil wars, some communities raise self-defense militias to protect themselves from insurgent predation, but these can end up mutating into predatory organizations. The extant literature has focused chiefly on the propensity of state-created and mostly overlooked why community-created segue organizations while others eschew predation altogether. This study explains this phenomenon, drawi...

Territory defense evolves when the benefits of maintaining exclusive access to areas containing one or more resources essential for survival and reproduction exceed the costs of excluding competitors (Brown 1964; Brown & Orians 1970; Emlen & Oring 1977; Davies & Houston 1984; Stamps 1994). Defense costs may include the time and energy expended in aggressive contests and displays (Marler & Moore...

A major question in neuroethology is how animals coordinate transitions between incompatible behavior patterns. The recent demonstration that the lateral giant (LG) tailflip is inhibited during eating (Krasne and Lee, 1988) suggested to us that inhibition may play a general role in preventing maladaptive transitions between incompatible behavior patterns. We wished to determine whether the LG t...

The behavior of Department of Defense (DoD) Command and Control (C2) services is typically embedded in executable code, providing static functionality that is difficult to change. As the complexity and tempo of world events increase, C2 systems must move to a new paradigm that supports the ability to dynamically modify service behavior in complex, changing environments. Separation of service be...