1. Gypsy moth outbreaks cause severe defoliation in Holarctic forests, both North America where it is invasive, and its native range Eurasia. Defoliation can hamper timber production impact ecological communities processes. Aerial insecticide applications are regularly performed outbreak areas to mitigate economic losses. These operations be financially costly harmful non-target species may dis...

Individual trees of giant sequoia (Sequoia gigantea [Lindl.] Decne.) have demonstrated a capacity to attain both a long life and very large size. It is not uncommon to find old-growth giant sequoia trees in their native range that are 1,500 years old and over 15 feet in diameter at breast height. The ability of individual giant sequoia trees to survive over such long periods of time has often b...