The central nervous system (CNS) underlies memory, perception, decision-making, and behavior in numerous organisms. However, neural networks have no monopoly on the signaling functions that implement these remarkable algorithms. It is often forgotten that neurons optimized cellular signaling modes that existed long before the CNS appeared during evolution, and were used by somatic cellular netw...

We prove that every simple connected graph with no K5 minor admits a proper 4-coloring such that the neighborhood of each vertex v having more than one neighbor is not monochromatic, unless the graph is isomorphic to the cycle of length 5. This generalizes the result by S.-J. Kim, S. J. Lee, and W.-J. Park [Dynamic coloring and list dynamic coloring of planar graphs, submitted, 2012] on planar ...

Let T be a fixed tournament on k vertices. Let D(n, T ) denote the maximum number of orientations of an n-vertex graph that have no copy of T . We prove that D(n, T ) = 2k−1 for all sufficiently (very) large n, where tk−1(n) is the maximum possible number of edges of a graph on n vertices with no Kk, (determined by Turán’s Theorem). The proof is based on a directed version of Szemerédi’s regula...

developed technology, has enabled sophisticated computer software named as “electronic agent” initiate and complete transactions without human intervention. having considered the notion of electronic agents, this paper is going to consider their legal nature and analyze treatments taken by writers, international instruments, national laws and legal procedures on electronic agents. finally this ...

Solid pseudopapillary tumors of the pancreas are very rare, low-grade malignant potentially curable neoplasms. Despite having non-specific symptomatology, they have typical features such as being more common in young women, and classically presenting as large abdominal masses. Accurate diagnosis is important because long-term survival hinges on complete resection of the tumor.

Although musical skills clearly improve with training, pitch processing has generally been believed to be biologically determined by the behavior of brain stem neural mechanisms. Two main classes of pitch models have emerged over the last 50 years. Harmonic template models have been used to explain cross-channel integration of frequency information, and waveform periodicity models have been use...

BACKGROUND Given the high prevalence of depression in primary health care (PHC), the use of screening instruments has been recommended. Both brief and long depression screening instruments have been validated in low and middle income countries (LMIC), including within HIV care settings. However, it remains unknown whether the brief instruments validated in LMIC are as accurate as the long ones....