T he main objective of the present study is to find out a clear answer to the question raised in developing countries, that whether such developing economies could be able to achieve economic growth as well as protect their environment simultaneously or these economies still suffer from a severe conflict between environmental protection and economic growth. So, different categories o...

Low-income households spend a substantial share of their income on utility services such as electricity, heating and water. The difficulty these socially vulnerable consumers have in affording further tariff increases is often used as an argument against tariff reform. However, detailed information on the utility expenditures of different consumer groups and the affordability implications of ta...

abstract protection policies in the agricultural sector is an inevitable necessity, its accomplish effects individuals welfare and economic sectors. protection policies account for a major economic strategy in agricultural sectors of developing and developed countries. applying ardl, the study investigates effects of protection policy in agricultural sector on total factor productivity of this ...

In this paper we model the case of an international non-renewable resource monopolist as a dynamic game between a monopolist and  importing countries governments, and investigate whether a tariff on resource imports can be advantageous for consumers in importing countries. We analyze both the case of a price-setting monopolist and the case of a quantity-setting monopolist. We find that a tarif...

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In recent decades, theorists proposed the role of domestic components such as interior active groups, policies and macroeconomic indicators on determination of protection policies. In the context of recent studies, this study has investigated the effect of business cycle fluctuations on import protection for selected developing countries in 1995-2011 by using dynamic panel data method. Furtherm...

that restrict trade between countries in agricultural commodities. Many of these policies are now subject to important disciplines under the 1994 GATT agreement that is administered by the World Trade Organization (WTO). The paper is organized as follows. First, tariffs, import quotas, and tariff rate quotas are discussed. Then, a series of non-tariff barriers to trade are examined, including v...