Efficient single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping methods are necessary to accomplish many current gene discovery goals. A crucial element in large-scale SNP genotyping is the number of individual biochemical reactions that must be performed. An efficient method that can be used to simultaneously amplify a set of genetic loci across a genome with high reliability can provide a valuable ...

1. A DOP model for phrase-structure trees R. Bod and R. Scha 2. Probability models for DOP R. Bonnema 3. Encoding frequency information in stochastic parsing models 1. Computational complexity of disambiguation under DOP K. Sima'an 2. Parsing DOP with Monte Carlo techniques J. Chappelier and M. Rajman 3. Towards efficient Monte Carlo parsing R. Bonnema 4. Efficient parsing of DOP with PCFG-redu...

This chapter gives an instantiation of DOP (Scha 1990, 1992; Bod 1992) which is known as Tree-DOP or DOP1 and which will be extensively used in the rest of this book. Tree-DOP combines subtrees from a treebank to parse new sentences. It employs the relative frequency estimator to assign probabilities to subtrees, and computes the probability of a parse tree as the sum of the probabilities of it...

BACKGROUND While producing good-quality analgesia, µ-opioid (MOP) receptor activation produces a number of side-effects including tolerance. Simultaneous blockade of δ-opioid (DOP) receptors has been shown to reduce tolerance to morphine. Here, we characterize a prototype bifunctional opioid H-Dmt-Tic-Gly-NH-Bzl (UFP-505). METHODS We measured receptor binding affinity in Chinese hamster ovary...

The field of dynamic optimization is related to the applications of nature-inspired algorithms [1]. The area is rapidly growing on strategies to enhance the performance of algorithms, but still there is limited theoretical work, due to the complexity of natureinspired algorithms and the difficulty to analyze them in the dynamic domain. Therefore, the development of BGs to evaluate the algorithm...

In this paper, we synthesized a kind of bio-based plasticizer epoxidized linoleic acid cardanol ester (ELCE) from and acid. Its chemical structure was characterized with FT-IR 1H NMR. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) blends plasticized ELCE were prepared via thermoplastic blending torque rheometer. The performance including torque, mechanical property, thermal stability, plasticizing property migration...

Caenorhabditis elegans is a useful model to study the neuronal or molecular basis for behavioral choice, a specific form of decision-making. Although it has been implied that both D1-like and D2-like dopamine receptors may contribute to the control of decision-making in mammals, the genetic interactions between D1-like and D2-like dopamine receptors in regulating decision-making are still large...

OBJECTIVES We sought to determine whether the flow-dependent changes in Doppler-derived valve effective orifice area (EOA) are real or due to artifact. BACKGROUND It has frequently been reported that the EOA may vary with transvalvular flow in patients with aortic stenosis. However, the explanation of the flow dependence of EOA remains controversial and some studies have suggested that the EO...

The proper functioning of any biological system depends on the coordinated activity of its components. Regulation at the genetic level is, in many cases, effective in determining the cellular levels of system components. However, in cases where regulation at the genetic level is insufficient for attaining harmonic system function, posttranslational regulatory mechanisms are often used. Here, we...

In vast regions of the ocean, a significant fraction of the vital nutrient phosphorus (P) in surface waters is associated with dissolved organic matter (DOM). Oceanic biological productivity in these regions is potentially dependent on the regeneration of bioavailable forms of P from DOM. Using tangential-flow ultrafiltration, high molecular weight (HMW) DOM samples were collected for chemical ...