The diffuse sky radiation component in the ultraviolet wavelengths is often at least 50% of the global irradiance under clear skies, and is the dominant component of ultraviolet global radiation under translucent overcast skies. The distribution of sky radiance was measured in a rural area and modeled for wavelength bands of ultraviolet-B (UVB, 280-320 nm) and ultraviolet-A (UVA, 320-400 nm). S...

Due to global warming, green-house effect and various other drawbacks of existing energy sources, renewable energy like Photovoltaic system is being popular for energy production. The result of photovoltaic potentiality analysis depends on data quality and parameters. Shadow rapidly decreases performance of the Photovoltaic system and it always changes due to the movement of the sun. Solar radi...

This study addresses the analysis of cloud effects on photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, 400–700 nm) for global (PAR Global ) and its diffuse component Diffuse ). To this aim, a 11-year database measured PAR modeled Difuse recorded in Mediterranean site was analyzed, both clear-sky all-sky scenarios. mean values entire period were estimated (200 ± 50) Wm −2 (240 all- scenarios, respectiv...

In the present work, we investigate solar radiation climate of Saudi Arabia, using data from 43 sites in country covering period 2013–2021. These include hourly values global, G, and diffuse, Gd, horizontal irradiances which direct, Gb, irradiance is estimated. The diffuse fraction, kd; direct-beam kb; ratio ke = Gd/Gb, are used analysis. Solar maps annual mean kd, kb, prepared for Arabia under...

The clinical, radiologic, and pathologic findings in radiation injury of the brain are reviewed. Late radiation injury is the major, dose-limiting complication of brain irradiation and occurs in two forms, focal and diffuse, which differ significantly in clinical and radiologic features. Focal and diffuse injuries both include a wide spectrum of abnormalities, from subclinical changes detectabl...

The geometry of a collector is one of the important factors that can increase the incident radiation on the collector surface. In the present study, the incident radiation for a stationary collector with cone geometry, i.e. a conical collector, is theoretically and experimentally investigated. This type of collector is always stable and does not need a fixture to install. Moreover, it has a...

The geometry of a collector is one of the important factors that can increase the incident radiation on the collector surface. In the present study, the incident radiation for a stationary collector with cone geometry, i.e. a conical collector, is theoretically and experimentally investigated. This type of collector is always stable and does not need a fixture to install. Moreover, it has a...

Ocular UV exposure is a function of both the direct and diffuse components of solar radiation. Broadband global and diffuse UV measurements were made in the morning, noon and afternoon. Thirty sets of measurements were made in summer and fifty in each of the other seasons at each of the periods in full sun. Corresponding sets were made in the shade of Australian evergreen trees: 42 trees in sum...