MDS matrices are used as building blocks of diffusion layers in block ciphers, and XOR count is a metric that estimates the hardware implementation cost. In this paper we report the minimum value of XOR counts of 4 × 4 MDS matrices over F24 and F28 , respectively. We give theoretical constructions of Toeplitz MDS matrices and show that they achieve the minimum XOR count. We also prove that Toep...

In the SPN (Substitution-Permutation Network) structure, it is very important to design a diffusion layer to construct a secure block cipher against differential cryptanalysis and linear cryptanalysis. The purpose of this work is to prove that the SPN structure with a maximal diffusion layer provides a provable security against differential cryptanalysis and linear cryptanalysis in the sense th...

The effects of immobilizing a thin layer of water adjacent to the surface of a colloidal particle are calculated using the Dynamic Stern Layer model introduced by Zukoski and Saville. Supposing water is immobilized by, for example, unreacted monomer or polymer chains dangling from the particle surface allows one to divide the diffuse layer into two regions, an outer region where transport is by...

Background: A special hydroxypropylmethylcellulose powder (Nasaleze®) has been used for the alleviation of nasal symptoms of allergic rhinitis since 1994. The efficacy of the product has been recently proven but the mechanism of action was still largely unknown. The aim of the study was to investigate the hypothesis that the gel formed after moisture absorption in the nose might act as mechanic...

Surface exchange and oxygen vacancy diffusion dynamics were studied in double-perovskites LnBaCo2O5.5+δ (LnBCO) single-crystalline thin films (Ln = Er, Pr; -0.5 < δ < 0.5) by carefully monitoring the resistance changes under a switching flow of oxidizing gas (O2) and reducing gas (H2) in the temperature range of 250 ~ 800 °C. A giant resistance change ΔR by three to four orders of magnitude in ...

1. Introduction For analyzing the mobility of diffusing molecules, single molecule experiments are well established. Experiments in ultra-thin liquid films revealed a heterogeneous behavior of diffusion [1], which could be explained by a layering of liquids at solid interfaces as reported in [2]. Consequently, a layer model with layer-dependent diffusion coefficient was developed. Layer transit...