If A is logically equivalent to B, it is not necessary that #(A) = p(B). This technical note proves, however, that if A is in CNF, there exists some logically equivalent DNF, B, such that p(A) = #(B). It is well known that this admits anomalies, such as #(P/x ~P) > 0 and #(P v ~P) < 1. Further, two logically equivalent expressions can have different possibility values. For example, P v Q-~(P ^ ...

Sven Kracker, PhDa,b, James Curtis, BScc, Mohammad A A Ibrahim, MBBCh, MSc, PhD, FRCPath, FRCPd, Anna Sediva, MD, PhDe, Jon Salisbury, BSc MD FRCPathf, Vit Campr, MDg, Marianne Debré, MDh, J. David M. Edgar, BSc FRCP FRCPathi, Kohsuke Imai, MD, PhDj, Capucine Picard, MD, PhDb,h,k,l, Jean-Laurent Casanova, MD, PhDb,l,m, Alain Fischer, MD, PhDa,b,h, Sergey Nejentsev, MD, PhDc,*, and Anne Durandy,...

The pronounced increase in the cycling and deposition of biologically reactive dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) over large areas globally not only cause increased concentrations of DIN in surface waters, but it will also affect nutrient ratios in rivers, lakes and coastal areas. This review addresses the flux and fate of DIN, focusing NO3 in lakes of boreal and alpine catchments. Not only DIN...

Recently, a new ISO standard for loudness of arbitrary sounds ISO 532-1 (1) was proposed for the revision of ISO 532:1975 section 2 (method B) (2). It is based on DIN 45631/A1:2010 (3), which includes the widely used standard DIN 45631:1991 (4) for stationary sounds as a special case. ISO 532-1 eliminates uncertainties of existing standards by strictly defining the complete procedure of loudnes...

Receiving coastal waters and estuaries are among the most nutrient-enriched environments on earth, and one of the symptoms of the resulting eutrophication is the proliferation of opportunistic, fast-growing marine seaweeds. Here, we used a widespread macroalga often involved in blooms, Ulva spp., to investigate how supply of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), the two main potential growth-limitin...

APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS IN CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS Mohammad Rafieniaa; Mahmood Amirib; Mohsen Janmalekic; Alireza Sadeghiand a Medical Physics and BioMedical Engineering Department, School of Medicine, Biosensor Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran b Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermansha...

Fateme Pourhasanzade, Seyed Hojjat Sabzpoushan, Ali Mohammad Alizadeh, Ebrahim Esmati a Bioelectric Department, Research laboratory of Biomedical signals and sensors, Iran University of Sciences and Technology (I.U.S.T), Tehran, Iran b Bioelectric Department, Biomedical Engineering Faculty, Iran University of Sciences and Technology (I.U.S.T), Tehran, Iran c Cancer Research Center, Tehran Unive...

In aquatic ecosystems, carbon (C) availability strongly influences nitrogen (N) dynamics. One manifestation of this linkage is the importance in the dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), which can serve as both a C and an N source, yet our knowledge of how specific properties of DOM influence N dynamics are limited. To empirically examine the impact of labile ...

Research on early speech production has often argued that children’s representations start out being holistic. They receive more phonological feature specifications in the course of development. In this talk, we will briefly review the arguments from early production for underspecified representations, and subsequently focus on two sets of perception studies, which both confirm the underspecifi...

This paper describes a spelling correction system that functions as part of an intelligent tutor that carries on a natural language dialogue with its users. The process that searches the lexicon is adaptive as is the system filter, to speed up the process. The basis of our approach is the interaction between the parser and the spelling corrector. Alternative correction targets are fed back to t...