A major output nucleus of the basal ganglia is the substantia nigra pars reticulata, which sends GABAergic projections to brainstem and thalamic nuclei. The GABAergic (GABA) neurons are reciprocally connected with nearby dopaminergic neurons, which project mainly to the basal ganglia, a set of subcortical nuclei critical for goal-directed behaviors. Here we examined the impact of motivational s...

OBJECTIVE Degenerative ataxias in children present a rare condition where effective treatments are lacking. Intensive coordinative training based on physiotherapeutic exercises improves degenerative ataxia in adults, but such exercises have drawbacks for children, often including a lack of motivation for high-frequent physiotherapy. Recently developed whole-body controlled video game technology...

At total Landau level filling factor nu(tot)=1 a double-layer two-dimensional electron system with small interlayer separation supports a collective state possessing spontaneous interlayer phase coherence. This state exhibits the quantized Hall effect when equal electrical currents flow in parallel through the two layers. In contrast, if the currents in the two layers are equal, but oppositely ...

The effects of activation of a population of [alpha]-bungarotoxin ([alpha]-bgt)-insensitive cholinergic receptors on the soma of the cockroach fast coxal depressor motor neurone (Df) have been examined under two-electrode voltage-clamp conditions. Activation of these receptors was achieved by bath-application either of acetylcholine (ACh) in the presence of [alpha]-bgt or of the muscarinic agon...

Several dynamical processes may induce considerable electric currents in the atmospheres of magnetic chemically peculiar (CP) stars. The Lorentz force, which results from the interaction between the magnetic field and the induced currents, modifies the atmospheric structure and induces characteristic rotational variability of the hydrogen Balmer lines. To study this phenomena we have initiated ...

A sequence of three subsequent auroral activations (at 18:10, 19:48 and 20:00 UT) on 9 February 1997 is analysed. The brightenings of optical auroras were collocated with latitudinally localized bursts of pulsating riometer absorption and Pi3 geomagnetic pulsations. In two of the cases, the strongest westward directed electrojet currents and the footpoint of the upward directed field-aligned cu...

Janssen, Luke J., Pierre A. Betti, Stuart J. Netherton, and Denise K. Walters. Superficial buffer barrier and preferentially directed release of Ca21 in canine airway smooth muscle. Am. J. Physiol. 276 (Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 20): L744–L753, 1999.—We examined cytosolic concentration of Ca21 ([Ca]i) in canine airway smooth muscle using fura 2 fluorimetry (global changes in [Ca]i), membrane cur...

We investigate the possibility of creating directed spin-polarized currents in a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) subject to an inhomogeneous magnetic field and an external adiabatic driving. We thereby generalize concepts of quantum charge ratchets to the case with spin. Due to the Zeeman term in the Hamiltonian, spin-up and -down electrons experience different effective potentials, which c...

Pupils in Germany as in many European countries perform weak in natural sciences (PISA 2000 and PISA 2003). To meet this challenge a Blended Learning concept was designed and implemented within a pilot project at the University of Koblenz-Landau. The concept aimed to facilitate situated and self-directed learning and a shift from teaching to learning in science lessons at schools. From October ...