since industrial revolution heavy metals such as lead (pb) and cadmium (cd) have been extensively dispersed in environment which, unknown biological effects and prolong biological half-life make them as a major hazard to human health. in addition, the sharp increase in multiple sclerosis incidence rates has been recorded in iran. the propose of this study was to measuring blood lead and cadmium...

objective: the sheehan disability scale (sds) assesses disability in four domains of home management, work responsibilities, close relationships and social life. the main objective of this study was to develop the persian version of the sds. method: two steps of field work followed the persian translation and cultural adaptation of the tool: first, the internal consistency and convergent validi...

background: maintenace and promotion of health are the duties of governments. for suitable resource allocation decisions in health sector, we need measures that combine information on mortality and non-fatal health outcomes. disability adjusted life years (dalys) have above mentioned features.  breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in women. it is the first cause of death in 40-44 years ol...

conclusions although ceiling effects should be considered for rehabilitation targets, the two-factor model of fim (motor and cognitive independence) has an eligible fitness for iranian patients with tbi. results the results of this study showed that the floor effect was not observed; however, ceiling effects were observed for the fim total score and its subscales. the confirmatory factor analys...

The Social Security Administration has created a 10-percent sample data base of blind and disabled recipients from the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program. Codes showing the primary medical diagnosis were obtained for the sample by matching several files, and by imputing codes to sample cases where no diagnostic codes were found. The data base is updated each year by repeating this match...

We provide a lifecycle framework for comparing the insurance value of disability benefits and the incentive cost. We estimate the risks that individuals face and the parameters governing the disability insurance program using longitudinal US data on consumption, health, disability insurance, and wages. We characterize the economic effects of disability insurance and study how policy reforms imp...

OBJECTIVE Arthritis is the most common health condition in midlife and late life, and heart disease is the leading cause of death. This article compares disability impacts of these 2 preeminent health problems. METHODS Using data from the National Health Interview Survey Disability Supplement, we studied specific limitations and disabilities, accommodations used (buffers), and accommodations ...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The purpose of the study is to compare the reliability of the Barthel activities of daily living score, which assesses disability, with the Rankin scale, which assesses handicap, and to determine their mutual agreement. METHODS Fifty patients with stroke of varying severity were identified by a community-based stroke register and interviewed by two of three research nur...

This paper provides a life-cycle framework for weighing up the insurance value of disability bene ts agains the incentive cost. Within this framework, we estimate the life-cycle risks that individuals face in the US, as well as the parameters governing the disability insurance program, using indirect inference and longitudinal data on consumption, disability status, disability insurance receipt...