Cancers are typically staged at diagnosis on the basis of the anatomic extent of disease. A cornerstone of the formal staging systems used for most cancers is the absence or presence of clinically evident distant metastatic spread (ie, the M-term of the TNM staging system). Typically, patients who present without evidence of distant metastases are considered potentially curable, and patients wh...

UNLABELLED Pheochromocytomas are rare tumors arising from chromaffin cells of the sympathoadrenal system and 85% of them are located in the adrenal medulla. Malignant pheochromocytomas account for 10% of all pheochromocytomas. Since clinical, biochemical and histopathological features can not reliably distinguish malignant from benign tumors, malignancy is established in the presence of distant...

Despite Medicare approving the use of positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in staging primary breast cancer, little evidence is available to support the use of (18)F-FDG-PET/CT for the detection of distant metastases in the initial staging of breast cancer. In this review of the literature listed in MEDLINE, we examine whether (18)F-FDG-PET/CT may play a role in the initial...

Myoepithelial carcinoma of the breast is a rare tumor. We present the case of 58 year-old female. No local or distant metastases were found. Mastectomy with axillary dissection was performed followed by chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Neither recurrence nor distant metastases were detected 12 months later. Clinical, radiological and macroscopic appearances of adenomyoepithelioma are not evocativ...

Whether the proliferative activity of distant metastases could be predicted by the proliferation in axillary lymph node metastases was investigated in 304 lymph nodes metastases of 52 patients with breast cancer who had not received adjuvant treatment. The standard deviation of the mean mitotic index (MI)--the average number of mitoses per field in 10 high power fields--was of the best prognost...

BACKGROUND In musculoskeletal sarcomas, brain metastases are rare, but severely affect quality of life. METHODS All patients with musculoskeletal sarcomas who were treated at our institutions from 1975 to 1997 were reviewed for examples of brain metastasis. RESULTS Of 480 sarcoma patients, 179 had distant metastases, including 20 patients with brain metastases (4.2%). Alveolar soft part sar...

Introduction. Metastatic renal cell carcinoma can spread from the primary renal cell carcinoma to other organs, practically to all tissues. Distant metastases – to the tissue of the head and neck – are transferred through the blood and lymph vessels. A case of such a metastasis localized on the palate is relatively rare and therefore poses interesting material for description. Objective. Analys...

OBJECTIVE To determine risk factors associated with recurrence in patients with high intermediate risk (HIR) endometrioid adenocarcinoma. METHODS A retrospective analysis of patients with HIR endometrioid adenocarcinoma who underwent hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, with or without pelvic/para-aortic lymphadenectomy at the University of Pennsylvania between 1990 and 2009 was per...