conductance by performing patch-clamp studies on fused giant synaptic vesicles. Such studies would also facilitate characterization of the mechanism through which TRPM7 may be activated in the membrane of synaptic vesicles. TRPM7 is a ‘‘chanzyme’’ consisting of fused channel and protein kinase domains (Nadler et al., 2001; Runnels et al., 2001), and while the authors showed that the channel act...

Both the top-down and bottom-up processing are identified in language comprehension: the top-down processing depends on previous language experience and the bottom-up processing depends on instant language inputs. In speech perception, both types of processing are needed while perceiving pitch variations as lexical tones. In this paper, based on three ERP experiments, we propose a temporal mode...

A number of proteins that accumulate in vacuoles and protein bodies undergo posttranslational processing at these accumulation sites. These processing steps include proteolytic cleavage (e.g. pea lectin, soybean glycinin, and rice lectin) and the removal of some sugar residues from oligosaccharide side-chains (e.g. bean phytohemagglutinin). Treatment of immature rice embryos with the sodium ion...

Theeuwes (2010) summarizes an impressive number of studies demonstrating interference by irrelevant visual singletons in computer experiments with humans. In these studies, if participants search for a relevant singleton target, such as the single diamond among circles (i.e., a shape singleton), an irrelevant singleton distractor, such as the single red circle among the green stimuli (i.e., a c...

The proposition that feedback is never necessary in speech recognition is examined for utterances consisting of sequences of words. In running speech the features near word boundaries are often modified according to language-dependent rules. Application of these rules during word recognition requires top-down processing. Because isolated words are not usually modified by rules, their recognitio...

Two experiments investigated the influence of top-down information on adult age differences in the ability to search for singleton targets using spatial cues. In Experiment 1, both younger and older adults were equally able to use target-related top-down information (target feature predictability) to avoid attentional capture by uninformative (25% valid) cues. However, during informative (75% v...