This paper presents the first comprehensive test of whether well-known conflicts of interest at bond rating agencies importantly influence their actions. This hypothesis is tested against the alternative that rating agency actions are primarily influenced by a countervailing incentive to protect their reputations as delegated monitors. These two hypotheses generate a number of testable predicti...

The financial system plays a very important role in achieving sustainable growth rates. Banks with their performance are the main country's system. This study aims to determine differences bank soundness level using Risk-Based Bank Rating method aspects of Risk Profile, Good Corporate Governance, Earnings, and Capital before during Covid-19 pandemic. research is conducted at commercial banks In...

Abstract In the retail service industry, employee engagement may play an important role in customer satisfaction and retention, as employees often interact directly with customers. This paper investigates empirical link between retention by analyzing a unique data set from large car rental company. Our analysis makes use of retirement-induced turnover exclusion restriction that is plausibly ind...

In order to identify novel qualitative determinants of transitions in sovereign credit ratings, we construct six different textual sentiment and subjectivity measures using dictionary-based, machine learning approaches on rating reports issued by Moody’s Fitch the period from 2002 2017. After controlling for macroeconomic fiscal strength, soft information, as well known sources proximity biases...

Abstract Relevant data resources are critical for ai -supported decision-making. Thus, control over data, and how that moves across borders, has become a key point of international dispute. This article analyses the EU’s legal positionings regarding cross-border flows in context an increasingly fierce global battle resources. It also asks whether EU approach to government, which is reflected it...

This study uses TruckSimTM to model disc brakes and drum on a fully loaded truck semi-trailer the performance of each brake type as downgrades speeds vary. The is measured based braking distance. A simplified economic comparison life cycle cost analysis determine which road vehicle conditions give rise cost-effectiveness performed. studies suggest that shorten distances by 10-20%. They also per...

Truck crashes on steep downgrades due to excessive brake heating, resulting from applications control speeding, are a continuing cause of concern for the Wyoming Department Transportation (WYDOT). In 2016, WYDOT funded project update existing Grade Severity Rating System. Furthermore, in 2020, commissioned research automate updated version mathematical model through an interactive, intuitive, a...