We study a system of coalescing random walks on the integer lattice $$ {\mathbb {Z}}^{d} in which walk is oriented d-th direction and follows certain specified rules. first geometry paths show that, almost surely, form graph consisting just one tree for dimensions d=2,3 infinitely many disjoint trees d\ge 4 . Also, there no bi-infinite path surely 2 Subsequently, we prove that d=2 diffusive sca...

The flow directions of the extracted drainage network are more random based on random flow model. Binary linear regression method is applied to calculate the residual value at every point, and then the normalized residuals are used to prune reasonably as the variables. The terrains are distinguished automatically according to the normalized residuals, and the local catchment area threshold is d...

Cell-to-cell surface flow paths are commonly derived from gridded digital elevation models (DEM) by choosing the direction of steepest descent to one of the eight surrounding cells. However, adequate DEMs often are not available. We developed a topography-independent method for creating gridded, land and stream drainage direction maps based on corrected vector river networks. We applied it to t...

The United States Geological Survey has been researching generalization approaches to enable multiple-scale display and delivery of geographic data. This paper presents automated methods to prune network and polygon features of the United States high-resolution National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) to lower resolutions. Feature-pruning rules, data enrichment, and partitioning are derived from know...

Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) are used to estimate different morphologies, analysis of river profile, delineating drainage basin and drainage pattern associated with lithological and structural changes. The study area is Maroon River located in Khuzestan Province, Iran. In this study geomorphometric analysis based on DEM carried out to understand Maroon river uplift rate and tectonic- erosion...

Tissue defect reconstruction using radial forearm free flap (RFFF) is a common surgical technique whose success or failure is mainly dependent on venous drainage. RFFF has two major venous outflow systems, superficial and deep vein. Drainage methods include combining both systems or using one alone. This review aims to recapitulate the vascular anatomy and network of RFFF as well as shed light ...

We present a dynamic network model to investigate the effects of capillary number and viscosity ratio on displacement patterns and fractional flow in primary drainage. This model predicts the events that are observed in the micro-model experiments, such as swelling of the wetting layers and the meniscus oscillation. Interfaces are tracked through the pore elements using a modified Poiseuille eq...