in dry parts of asia and africa where the rain was sparse and the surface water inadequate, man has had to search for-other sources of water namely ground water. through this need he learned to tap ground water and extract it to the surface. thus qanats were developed in persia.techniques of qanat construction were later introduced by persians to parts of asia and dry lands of africa.constructi...

Urban planning has played different roles ever since cities first came into existence – it has been used to build defensible cities, cities that are symbols of power and prestige, cities that are functional, and cities that are sustainable and equitable. Its role in the aftermath of conflict has also changed and evolved over the years, sometimes driven by design, sometimes by circumstance. Rece...

Nowadays, one of the characteristic orientations in social science studies focusing on cities is the ranking of cities, as well as the definition of the world’s leading cities (world cities, global cities) on the basis of various criteria. Central European countries are given just a minor role in these researches, particularly in comparison with German cities with their considerable economic pe...

Although there is a general consensus on which are the leading world cities, there is no agreedupon roster covering world cities below the highest level. This paper reports the construction of an inventory of world cities based upon their level of advanced producer services. Global service centres are identified and graded for accountancy, advertising, banking/finance and law. Aggregating these...

We present a spectral analysis of a sample of red-sequence galaxies identified by van Dokkum (2005) as dry merger remnants and ongoing dry mergers. Kinematics, stellar population absorption features, and ionisation from emission lines, are derived. We find that approximately half of the sample showing strong tidal features have younger stellar populations than a control sample at a given veloci...

Contemporary and future cities are often labeled as “smart cities,” “digital cities” or “ubiquitous cities,” “knowledge cities,” and “creative cities.” Informational urbanism includes all aspects of information and (tacit as well as explicit) knowledge with regard to urban regions. “Informational city” (or “smart city” in a broader sense) is an umbrella term uniting the divergent trends of info...

To determine why North Americans tend to locate European cities south of North American cities at similar latitudes (Tversky, 1981), we had observers provide bearing estimates between cities in the U.S. and Europe. Earlier research using latitude estimates of these cities has indicated that each continent has several subjective regions (Friedman & Brown, 2000a). Participants judged cities from ...

Over the past several years, as cities in the United States have faced increasing fiscal pressures, there has been a reinvigorated interest in the promise of smart cities, intelligent cities, digital cities, open source cities and media cities, which advocate the use of digital technologies to make cities more efficient, productive, innovative and attractive. However, the appropriation and use ...