In his Grundlegung zur Metapbysik de Sitten , Immanuel Kant argues for the necessity of seeing human beings as ends in themselves, rather than as means to other ends: "So act as tc treat humanity, whether in thine own person or in that of any other, in every case as an end withal, never as means only".' This principle has importance in many contexts even in analysing poverty, pro­ gress an'd pl...

PURPOSE To describe the clinical manifestations of subtypes of double elevator palsy and to report the outcomes of surgery in these patients. METHODS This retrospective study was conducted on hospital records of patients with double elevator palsy at Labbafinejad Medical Center over a ten-year period from 1994 to 2004. Patients were classified into three subgroups of primary elevator muscle p...

Brown (I950) defined the features of the superior oblique tendon sheath syndrome and reported five cases. He postulated that the restriction in elevation of the affected eye in the adducted position was caused by a congenitally short anterior tendon sheath of the superior oblique muscle. As the eye moved into adduction, this ligament-like sheath became taut and strongly opposed the action of th...

PURPOSE Orbital magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to investigate the structural basis of motility abnormalities in congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles type 3 (CFEOM3), a disorder resulting from missense mutations in TUBB3, which encodes neuron-specific beta-tubulin isotype III. METHODS Ophthalmic examinations in 13 volunteers from four CFEOM3 pedigrees and normal control su...

Color and brightness contrasts are familiar visual phenomena, but their mechanisms have long remained obscure. Motokawa1)-4) found a phenomenon which is very likely to represent a retinal process underlying contrast and other similar visual phenomena, and termed it retinal in duction. This phenomenon can be found not only in the human eye, but also in mammalian retinas.5) Further it was shown t...

Objective: To report a rare case of idiopathic Brown syndrome in the left eye first, then followed by Brown syndrome in the right eye after free tenotomy and inferior oblique anteriorization of the left eye. Case Report: A 5-year old girl presented with ocular misalignment. The prism cover test at distant fixation showed hypotropia of the left eye, and chin up position which was 25 prism diopte...

Impacts of drought events and nitrogen (N) deposition on forests are increasingly concerning in the context global climate change, but their effects, particular, interactive effects soil respiration its components remain unclear. A two-factor random block field experiment was conducted at a subtropical Moso bamboo forest Southwest China to explore response (Rs), autotrophic (Ra), heterotrophic ...