the saudi historiography started by the rise of saudi dynasty in central arabia in 1744, when muhammad ibn saud, the tribal ruler of the town of ad-dir'iyyah near riyadh, and muhammad ibn abd-al-wahhab, the religious leader were united. several paradigm shave been used to form such historiography in different periods. firstly, the najdian and the baghdadian paradigms can be discussed from ...

Abstract The study aims to analyse the architectural typology and determine period of construction for preserved traditional mosques Quzzat Quarter in Old City Herat (known as Pearl Khorasan). Twenty-nine are located area, three which modern 26 traditional. Twelve out still exist have their landscape. Using analogy water cisterns mosques, we when each mosque was developed establish development ...

of relative chaos (ca. 2I00-I850) to an age of political stability (ca. I850-I625). Under the able leadership of the Yamhadian dynasty, a feudal system of relationship created one entity out of the whole region.') The evidence at our disposal allows us even to imagine a political and economic Pax Yamhadiana which, beginning before the fall of Mari, lasted until the rise of the Hittite State and...

It is undeniable that civilization during the Abbasid Dynasty was heyday of Islam with development education and science. The rapid due to large number Islamic educational institutions at time. characteristics management time were a benchmark progress, so in this case library research study needed describing form management, type data sources coming from various books articles published relevan...