The etiology of schizophrenia's cognitive symptoms may have its basis in prenatal alterations of glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor functioning. Therefore, the current study investigated the effects of ketamine (an NMDA receptor blocking drug) on both a conditioned taste aversion (CTA) and latent inhibition (LI; a model of attentional capacity) in rat fetuses. We first sought to det...

The insulin like growth factors (IGFs) first appeared early in phylogeny about 600 million years ago and have increased in number through gene duplication. In mammals IGFs express in all tissues and are found in many biological fluids. IGF-1 has an important role during central nervous system (CNS) development. IGF-1 promotes differentiation, proliferation and prevents apoptosis of neuronal and...

The insulin like growth factors (IGFs) first appeared early in phylogeny about 600 million years ago and have increased in number through gene duplication. In mammals IGFs express in all tissues and are found in many biological fluids. IGF-1 has an important role during central nervous system (CNS) development. IGF-1 promotes differentiation, proliferation and prevents apoptosis of neuronal and...

We investigate the heterogeneous boom and bust patterns across countries that emerge as a result of global shocks. Our analysis sheds light on emergence core periphery countries, joint determination depth recessions tightness credit countries. The model implies interest rates are similar in booms, with larger output growth However, common shock leads to crunch globe gives rise sharper spike dee...

We develop a multisector sticky-price DSGE model that can endogenously deliver differential responses of prices to aggregate and sectoral shocks. Input-output production linkages (standard) monetary policy rule contribute slow response In turn, labor market segmentation at the level induces within-sector strategic substitutability in price-setting decisions, which helps fast sector-specific est...

We provide evidence of the stock market consumption wealth effect by using a local labor analysis. An increase in driven aggregate prices increases employment and payroll nontradable industries total, with no on tradable industries. In model geographic heterogeneity wealth, these responses imply an MPC 3.2 cents per year that 20 percent valuations, unless countered monetary policy, bill at leas...

AIMS The present study tested the hypothesis that fetal hypoxia adversely affects kidney development in fetal and offspring rats and alter the expression patterns of angiotensin II type 1 (AT1R) and type 2 (AT2R) receptors. METHODS Time-dated pregnant rats were divided between normoxic and hypoxic (10.5% O2 last period of gestation) groups. Protein expression, in the offspring, was determined...

Brain N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors have been implicated as important mediators of both learning and neuronal development. The current study investigated how ketamine HCl (a well-known NMDA-receptor blocking drug) would influence taste-mediated conditioned motor responses in perinatal rats. Dams pregnant with E19 rat fetuses were injected with 0, 50, or 100 mg/kg ketamine HCl ...

Hair cells, the sensory receptors of auditory and vestibular systems, use a transducer apparatus that renders them remarkably sensitive to mechanical displacement as minute as 1 nm. To study the embryonic development of the transducer apparatus in hair cells of the chick auditory papilla, we examined hair cells that have been labeled with N-(3-triethylammoniumpropyl)-4-(4-(dibutylamino)styryl) ...

Rats fed a restricted diet during gestation and lactation gave birth to pups with about 60% the normal birthweight. Maintaining the undernutrition after birth reduced the rate of growth of the pups so that their body weights were only 40% of control at PN7. Soleus and lumbrical muscles in these animals had reduced numbers of muscle fibres, and quantitative examination of embryonic muscles revea...