This paper presents a two-echelon non-repairable spare parts inventory system that consists of one warehouse and m identical retailers and implements the reorder point, order quantity (R, Q) inventory policy. We formulate the policy decision problem in order to minimize the total annual inventory investment subject to average annual ordering frequency and expected number of backorder constraint...

In this research, the optimal pricing decisions for two complementary products in a two-echelon supply chain under two scenarios are studied. The proposed supply chain in each echelon includes one retailer and two manufacturers and the same complementary products are produced. In the first scenario, we assume the unit manufacturing costs of the complementary products in each echelon are the sam...

Driven by the new laws and regulations concerning emission of greenhouse gases, it is becoming more popular for enterprises to adopt cleaner energy. This research proposes a novel two-echelon vehicle routing problem consisting mixed vehicles considering battery swapping stations, which includes one depot, multiple satellites with unilateral time windows, customers given demands. The fossil fuel...

The notion of Echelon spaces was introduced by Köthe [2] as a means of constructing sequence spaces by taking the intersection of multiples of I1 (see below for definitions). The definition was extended by Dieudonné and Gomes [l] to include lp for \^p< °o. It is the purpose of this note to consider the case, p = co. AH of the terminology defined below is due to Köthe. A sequence of complex numb...

We broadly discuss mid-infrared spectroscopy and detail our new high spectral resolution instrument, the Texas Echelon-cross-Echelle Spectrograph (TEXES).

We show how to improve the echelon-Ferrers construction of random network codes introduced in [3] to attain codes of larger size for a given minimum distance.

this study aims to minimize the total cost of a four-echelon supply chain including suppliers, an assembler, distributers, and retailers. the total cost consists of purchasing raw materials from the suppliers by the assembler, assembling the final product, materials transportation from the suppliers to the assembler, product transportation from the assembler to the distributors, product transpo...

We study the role of reciprocity in a labor market field experiment. In a recent paper, Gneezy and List (2006) investigate the impact of gift exchange in this context and find that it has only a transient effect on long run outcomes. Extending their work to examine both positive and negative reciprocity, we find consonant evidence in the positive reciprocity condition: the gift does not work we...