In this paper, we study the pricing problem in a fuzzy supply chain that consists of a manufacturer and two competitive retailers. There is a single product produced by a manufacturer and then sold by two competitive retailers to the consumers. The manufacturer acting as a leader determines the wholesale price, and the retailers acting as the followers set their sale prices independently. Both ...

We consider a two-echelon timber supply chain in which the first echelon consists of several stands to be harvested and the second echelon consists of mills to be procured with logs of different length. This problem aims at minimizing harvesting and transportation costs for one production period, while satisfying demand expressed as mix of volumes of specific log types. Harvesting cost, which i...

We address the optimal design of a multi-echelon supply chain and the associated inventory systems in the presence of uncertain customer demands. By using the guaranteed service approach to model the multi-echelon stochastic inventory system, we develop an optimization model for simultaneously optimizing the transportation, inventory and network structure of a multi-echelon supply chain. We for...

Starting in the 1960s, a number of academic works have focused in serial and distributed multi-echelon structures and in both deterministic and stochastic environments. Clark and Scarf (1960, 1962) developed a seminal work in which they presented optimal policies for a serial multi-echelon system. Schwartz (1973) studied a deterministic model having one warehouse and N retailers and showed that...

In this paper we propose bootstrapping Hannan and Rissanen (1982) estimators in stationary invertible VARMA models, with known order (p, q). Although we consider bootstrapping such models under the echelon form parameterization, the results we derive herein remain valid to other alternative identification issues. In particular, we shall exploit the theoretical developments stated in Dufour and ...

The efficient and timely distribution of freight goods is critical for supporting the demands of modern urban areas. Optimum freight ensures the survival and development of urban areas. In the contemporary logistic there are two main distribution strategies: direct distribution and multi-echelon distribution. In the direct distribution, means of transport, starting from the main distribution ce...

We study a two echelon supply chain with AR(1) demand and unit replenishment lead-times. Each echelon of the supply chain uses conditional expectation to generate MMSE forecasts. Both echelons use these forecasts inside the “Order-Up-To” policy to generate replenishment orders. We investigate 3 different scenarios: The first is when each echelon aims to minimize their own inventory holding and ...

T paper studies a periodic-review, serial supply chain in which materials are ordered and shipped according to R nQ policies. Three information scenarios are considered, depending on the level of information available: echelon, local, and quasilocal. In the echelon scenario, each stage can access the inventory and cost information within its echelon (comprising the stage itself and all downstre...

In this note it is proved that if Al (A) is any nondistinguished Kothe echelon space of order one and K. ,0 (AI (A))' is its strong dual, then there is even a linear form : K C which is locally bounded (i.e. bounded on the bounded sets) but not continuous. It is also shown that every nondistinguished Kothe echelon space contains a sectional subspace with a particular structure.

We provide a broad characterization of the supply chain settings in which perfect coordination can be achieved with a simple wholesale pricing scheme based on constant unit wholesale prices or a single quantity discount scheme. We confine ourselves to two-echelon chains with a single supplier servicing a network of retailers who compete with each other by selecting retail prices (Bertrand compe...