The estimation of vote splitting in mixed-member electoral systems is a common problem in electoral studies, where the goal of researchers is to estimate individual voter transitions between parties on two different ballots cast simultaneously. Because the ballots are cast separately and secretly, however, voter choice on the two ballots must be recreated from separately tabulated aggregate dat...

Our relationship with marine systems has deep historical roots. People have lived adjacent to coasts and oceans for millennia, relying upon their resources for food and other goods and services (Rick and Erlandson 2008 ). Due to this long history, most systems today have been signifi cantly altered by people (Jackson et al. 2001 ; Lotze et al. 2006 ; Myers and Worm 2003 ). Even degradation that...

Sustainable ecological tourism is the ultimate goal of ecological tourism. To realize the sustainable development of ecological tourism it is a thorny problem. This paper takes the world geological park in Xinwen for evaluation object, according to the sustainable development of ecological tourism evaluation model, using analytic hierarchy process, expert evaluation method, the multi-objective ...

In this paper, we propose a work domain analysis for the vehicle routing problem. This analysis facilitates the identification of the problem constraints. The analysis is done through an abstraction hierarchy which facilitates an ecological user-interface design. The proposed decision support system and the ecological interfaces are presented. Finally, we propose an experimental study in order ...

Emerging diseases represent a growing worldwide problem accompanying global environmental changes. There is tremendous interest in identifying the factors controlling the appearance and spread of these diseases. Here, we discuss emerging fungal plant diseases, and argue that they often result from host shift speciation (a particular case of ecological speciation). We consider the factors contro...

The scale at which ecological risk assessors frame their analyses can be driven by a number of considerations. In many cases, the selection of the scale is among the most important decisions within the 'problem-formulation' phase of the ecological risk characterization. The scale of a risk characterization is often defined based on ownership boundaries, ecological, or habitat boundaries and/or ...