This paper analyses a model of economic development in which international differences in industrial structure and income are caused by the agglomeration of industry in a subset of countries. Economic development may not be a gradual process of convergence by all countries, but instead involve countries moving sequentially from the group of poor countries to the group of rich countries. The rol...

Computer control of industrial processes began in 1959, when a computer was first used to control a polymerization unit in a Texaco refinery. There has been a dynamic development fueled by drastic advances in process understanding, control theory, sensors and computer technology. The following quote from a study by the US National Research Council 1 indicates the economic importance of computer...

Advances in computer, surveying, and mapping technology have had a marked impact on the economic barriers to multipurpose land information systems. This has opened the way for institutional innovations that may help to achieve the data sharing and spatial registration objectives identified in the I960 National Research Council report on Multipurpose Cadastre.

This paper provides an overview of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), an on-going international comparative survey study of educational outcomes at age 15. PISA is sponsored by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and for the period 1998-2010 has been designed and implemented by a consortium led by the Australian Council for Educational Resea...

Abstract This paper provides an examination of inter-organizational collaboration in the UK research system. Data are collected on organizational projects funded by four key councils: Arts and Humanities Research Council, Economic Social Engineering Physical Sciences Biotechnology Biological Council. The partnerships include both academic nonacademic institutions. A network is created for each ...

The current paper empirically investigates the effect of environmental stress on economic growth in Gulf Cooperation Council countries during 1995–2016. A panel cointegration analysis, specifically an autoregressive distributed lag model, is used to achieve paper’s goal. present work motivated by high carbon dioxide emissions per capita and these relative other countries, it assumes that income...

the development of international law has obliged the states to observe the principles and customs of international law in their intenational relations. economic sanction is the one of them. it is used as a political tool but discussed as an legal issue among the international law issue. there are three approcch on this issue ( economic sanction) first strict legality approach second relative le...

The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) States are in the transition toward a new, knowledge-based economy. As these states diversify from a petroleum-based economy to knowledge-based industries, the countries’ competitiveness and performance increasingly will depend on their abilities to foster an indigenous capacity for technological innovation. This paper presents a broad framework for a national...