A non-contact and low-cost nanomaterial based fiber-optic sensor is developed for measuring large values of electric currents. The magnetic field, generated by the electric current, changes the refractive index of a liquid in which nanomaterial particles are suspended. The change of refractive index is converted to a change in the intensity of light transmitted in an evanescent field based fibe...

We utilize a multifunctional atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilever applying highly localized temperature and electric fields to interrogate transport in single-wall carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNTFETs). The probe can be operated either in contact with the CNT, in intermittent contact, or as a Kelvin probe, and can independently control the electric field, mechanical force, and ...

A new nanoscale electric field sensor was developed for studying triboelectric charging in terrestrial and Martian dust devils. This sensor is capable to measure the large electric fields for large dust devils without saturation. However, to quantify the electric charges and the field strength it is critical to calibrate the mechanical stiffness of the sensor devices. We performed a technical f...

We report, for the first time, the quantitative measurement of the local electric potential of brittle polyelectrolyte hydrogels using the microelectrode technique (MET). Given the solid-like nature of the hydrogels, the difficulty of applying MET is how to make a good contact of the microelectrode to the hydrogel. Poor local contact substantial underestimates the potential. We observed that, t...

Burns from domestic electric irons are a potentially preventable injury which can result in considerable morbidity. Surface temperatures of electric irons can reach in excess of 200 ̊C, meaning that contact for even brief periods can cause a significant thermal injury. Several previous studies have described contact burns from irons in paediatric populations 7 and have discussed various methods ...

Cell electrofusion is a phenomenon that occurs, when cells are in close contact and exposed to short high-voltage electric pulses. The consequence of exposure to pulses is transient and nonselective permeabilization of cell membranes. Cell electrofusion and permeabilization depend on the values of electric field parameters including amplitude, duration and number of electric pulses and directio...

A series of experiments on friction and wear properties of carbon strip rubbing against copper contact wire is performed on high-speed friction and wear tester with electric current. The results show that the friction coefficient is generally maintained between 0.24 and 0.37. In the absence of electric current, the coefficient of friction is higher than that in the presence of electric current....

The testing and development of contact material or topology can be addressed with a dedicated experimental set up for monitoring test structures. However, it is difficult to perform the tests under realistic conditions. Moreover several works have already been published about the different theories describing rough mechanical contact. But they often ignore interaction between asperities, bulk d...

The process of transferring electrical energy from the contact wire to pantograph takes place in a dynamic mode. Large currents are transmitted, and even slightest separation sliding causes an arc formation. creates strong electromagnetic disturbance that spreads surrounding space. This interferes with communication channels, facility management systems, telecommunications located its influence...

cu-mo and cu-ti contact structures were fabricated on multi-crystalline silicon substrates to provide a low resistance ohmic contact. deposition steps are done in an excellent vacuum chamber by means of electron beam evaporation and samples are then annealed for the realization of an efficient alloy layer. the effects of process parameters such as film thickness, annealing duration and temperat...