The specific membrane capacitance (SMC) is an electrical parameter that correlates with both the electrical activity and morphology of the plasma membrane, which are physiological markers for cellular phenotype and health. We have developed a microfluidic device that enables impedance spectroscopy measurements of the SMC of single biological cells. Impedance spectra induced by single cells aspi...

This work presents an electrical technique called electric cell-substrate impedance sensing to measure the cell-substrate separation and the projected area of an individual adherent cell. Cell adhesion and cell spreading are fundamental processes of adherent cells. By recording changes in the cell-substrate separation, the projected area, or both properties with time, the dynamics of cell sprea...

In this paper a CPW-fed annular slot antenna is miniaturized with enhanced impedance bandwidth using a reactive impedance surface (RIS) substrate. The RIS is realized by patterning 3× 3 array of circular elements over an inexpensive FR-4 substrate which is backed by a circular metallic plane. Due to the compensation of electric and magnetic energy stored by antenna and RIS substrate respectivel...

This paper presents a novel impedance-based approach for out-of-step (OOS) protection of a synchronous generator. The most popular and commonly used approaches for detecting OOS conditions are based on the measurement of positive sequence impedance at relay location. However, FACTS devices change the measured impedance value and thus disrupt the performance of impedance-based relay function. In...

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A recent paper by Pendry, Schurig, and Smith [Science 312, 2006, 1780-1782] used the coordinate-invariance of Maxwell’s equations to show how a region of space can be “cloaked” – in other words, made inaccessible to electromagnetic sensing – by surrounding it with a suitable (anisotropic and heterogenous) dielectric shield. Essentially the same observation was made several years earlier by Gree...

Expression of cyclooxygenases (COX) and lipoxygenases (LOX) has been linked to many pathophysiological phenotypes, including cell adhesion. However, many current approaches to measure cellular changes are performed only in a fixed-time point. Since cells dynamically move in conjunction with the cell matrix, there is a pressing need for dynamic or time-dependent methods for the investigation of ...

The most revealing description of electromagnetic (EM) distortions due to near-surface inhomogeneities and topography is in terms of galvanic and inductive effects. In either case, the distorted electric ankt magnetic fields can be best visualized as a vectorial sum of primary and secondary fields. Secondary electric fields due to electric charge build-up in the galvanic case persist to the lon...