Separation conditions in CE, with a neutral coated capillary and reversed polarity, have been optimised to make direct measurement of vanillylmandelic acid, homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid possible in urine samples without pre-treatment. The method developed has been validated, presenting adequate parameters for linearity, accuracy and precision. Detection limits range from 0.0...

Interest in analytical methods for plant estrogens (phytoestrogens) has risen sharply in the past 10 years. In this review, we examine the existing analytical methods based on separations by gas–liquid chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis in addition to methods of detection by ultraviolet absorption, fluorescence, electrochemical oxidation / reduc...

Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is formed via non-enzymatic glycosylation reactions at the α-amino group of βVal1 residues in the tetrameric Hb, and it can reflect the ambient glycemic level over the past two to three months. A variety of HbA1c detection methods, including chromatography, immunoassay, enzymatic measurement, electrochemical sensor and capillary electrophoresis have been developed an...

In recent years, mitomycin C (Fig. 1) has been widely used for cancer treatment, but its clinical applications are limited owing to inherent severe toxicity. The therapeutic efficacy of mitomycin C is closely related to the drug concentration in blood and tissues, depending on the dose, route and frequency of administration. Quantitation of mitomycin C in biological fluids was first attained by...

Nano-Au and methylene blue (MB) were assembled layer-by-layer (LBL) into films on the glassy carbon electrode modified by thiourea for detection of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG). The electrode modification process was characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electron micrograph (SEM). The factors influencing the performance of the...

This paper is an overview of the recent developments in immunosensors, which have attracted considerable attention. Immunosensors can play an important role in the improvement of public health by providing applications for which rapid detection, high sensitivity, and specificity are important, in areas such as clinical chemistry, food quality, and environmental monitoring. This review focuses o...

A successively signal-amplified electrochemical immunoassay has been reported on the basis of the biocatalytic deposition of silver nanoparticles with their subsequent enlargement by nanoparticle-promoted catalytic precipitation of silver from the silver-enhancer solution. The immunoassay was carried out based on a heterogeneous sandwich procedure using polystyrene microwells to immobilize anti...