The author provides an overview of electronic cash, discussing the technology of this new medium of payment, the financial costs and benefits of moving to electronic cash, and the issue of consumer acceptance. An appendix explores the relationship between counterfeiting and electronic cash. This article explores the root problems that have led to the crisis in Japanese banking and what is being...

crop insurance is one of the best strategies to tackle farm risks and encourage producers to adopt modern production technologies. in present study, a sample of 224 insured and uninsured pistachio growers was selected for interview and collected required data using a simple random sampling method. then a logit multinomial model was used to assess factors affecting the choice of supplemental ins...

introduction: supplementary health care services are provided to offer health care services beyond existing medical services at a reasonable cost to all members. these supplementary health care services contribute to the health and quality of life of the members and therefore membership provides peace of mind and a sense of security. this study aimed at investigating supplementary health care s...

BACKGROUND/AIMS Many patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) do not receive lipid-lowering therapy despite their high cardiovascular risk. The reasons for this are unknown. METHODS We have conducted a retrospective cohort study of discontinuation of lipid-lowering drugs in patients with CKD stage 3 and higher treated in practices affiliated with two academic medical centers between 2000 an...

This study aimed to determine the flow of use electronic drug purchase application, level suitability for ordering drugs, constraints through and its effect on national health insurance drugs in Indonesia. We a quantitative descriptive method accompany pharmacists with Guttman scale. The results showed that purchasing applications at pharmacies was accordance e-catalog. service 80.11% value inc...

Health technology assessments represent comprehensive summaries of available evidence and information on a technology. They are used by medical decision makers in a variety of ways, including diagnostic testing, treatment selection, care management, patient perspectives, patient safety, insurance coverage, pharmaceutical innovation, equipment planning, device purchasing, and total cost-of-care....

The predominant mechanisms for helping users find products in electronic catalogs are hierarchical navigation and text-based searches. Advanced electronic product catalogs also offer support for feature-based search or interactive product configuration. However, these search mechanisms are only appropriate if the space of products to be presented conforms to a number of simplifying restrictions...

BACKGROUND Health insurance and provider payment reforms all over the world beg a key empirical question: what are the potential impacts of patient cost-sharing on health care utilization, cost and outcomes? The unique health insurance system and rich electronic medical record (EMR) data in China provides us a unique opportunity to study this topic. METHODS Four years (2010 to 2014) of EMR da...

BACKGROUND Patients receive care in safety net clinics regardless of insurance status; however, receipt of diabetes preventive care might vary among patients with differing levels of insurance continuity. METHODS In a retrospective cohort study, using electronic health record data from adults with diabetes who were receiving care in 50 safety net clinics in Oregon in 2005 to 2007, we conducte...