Abstract This study investigates the scientific mobility and international collaboration networks in Middle East North Africa (MENA) region between 2008 2017. By using affiliation metadata available publications, we analyze flows linkages. Three complementary approaches allow us to obtain a detailed characterization of mobility. First, uncover main destinations origins mobile scholars for each ...

Recent thymic emigrants are newly generated T cells that need to undergo postthymic maturation to gain functional competency and enter the long-lived naive T cell pool. The mechanism of T cell maturation remains incompletely understood. Previously, we demonstrated that the transcriptional repressor NKAP is required for T cell maturation. Because NKAP associates with histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3...

Immunological competence declines progressively with age, resulting in increased susceptibility of the elderly to infection and impaired responses to vaccines. Underlying mechanisms remain largely obscure as they have been related to complex, individual systemic immune properties that are challenging to investigate. In this study, we explored age-related changes in human immunity during a prima...

T cell development requires a period of postthymic maturation. Why this is the case has remained a mystery, particularly given the rigors of intrathymic developmental checkpoints, successfully traversed by only ∼5% of thymocytes. We now show that the first few weeks of T cell residence in the lymphoid periphery define a period of heightened susceptibility to tolerance induction to tissue-restri...

Introduction A New Kind of Hominin The Morphology of Homo erectus Body Size Brain Size Cranial Shape The First Homo erectus: Homo erectus from Africa Who Were the Earliest African Emigrants? Homo erectus from Indonesia Homo erectus from China Zhoukoudian Homo erectus Other Chinese Sites Asian and African Homo erectus: A Comparison Later Hominins from Europe Archaeology of Early Hominin Dispersa...

Background:Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells reside in peripheral tissues, including the skin. In humans, TRM exist both epidermis and dermis, but their composition, phenotype, function are not fully elucidated. To analyze skin needs to be incubated with Dispase II separate two layers. The next step varies among researchers; subsequent enzymatic digestion of dermis is popular, whereas sponta...

The development of mature, antigen-inexperienced (naive) T cells begins in the thymus and continues after export into the periphery. Post-thymic maturation of naive T cells, in humans, coincides with the progressive loss of markers such as protein tyrosine kinase 7 (PTK7) and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (CD31). As a consequence, subpopulations of naive T cells can be recognise...

Emigrants possess knowledge regarding the cultures and social environments of host and sending countries that can help strengthen the economic relationship between these countries. We find this to be true for Pakistan and its selected Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) trading partners on whom data are available. During the period 1990-2003, Pakistan had a positive tr...