In spark ignition (SI) engines, the accurate control of air fuel ratio (AFR) in the stoichiometric value is required to reduce emission and fuel consumption. The wide operating range, the inherent nonlinearities and the modeling uncertainties of the engine system are the main difficulties arising in the design of AFR controller. In this paper, an optimization-based nonlinear control law is a...

Gas-to-liquid (GTL) fuel is regarded as a promising alternative diesel fuel. It can be used either directly as a diesel fuel or in blends with petroleum-derived diesel or biodiesel. This study investigated the fuel properties, engine performance and exhaust emissions of B5 diesel, GTL fuel and their blends. The main fuel properties of the blended fuels showed a linear variation with the fractio...

Accounting for transportation is an important part of the life cycle analysis (LCA) of beef cattle production because it is associated with energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. This paper describes the development and application of a model that estimates energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of transport in beef cattle production. The animal transport model is based on th...

The main purpose of this research is to determine the generation quantity of each generator in a power system. In this way, not only will the electricity demanded by the system be supplied, but the cost of fuel along with the level of pollution can be minimized. Obviously, calculation of the optimal layout of power plants with the aim of minimizing fuel costs and pollutants level contributes to...

To study the feasibility of using two edible plant oils as diesel substitute a comparative study was made. Oils were exacted from the seeds of soyabean (Glycine Max, Family: Leguminoceae) and sunflower(Helianthus annuus, Family: Asteraceae/Compositeae). Oils were esterified (butyl esters) before blending with pure diesel in the ratio of 10:90, 15:85, 20:80, and 25:75 by volume. Pure diesel was ...

The design and development of modern internal combustion engines is marked by a reduction in exhaust gas emissions and increase in specific power and torque. This paper aims at the study of noise reductuion in4-stroke common rail direct injection engine at idle speed. Idle speed is basically a speed of engine when vehicle is not running i.e not in motion . Now a days , this siuation oftenly com...

The effects of unleaded gasoline and unleaded gasoline–ethanol blends on engine performance and pollutant emissions were investigated experimentally in a single cylinder, four-stroke spark-ignition engine with variable engine speeds (2600–3500 rpm). Four different blends on a volume basis were applied. These are E0 (0% ethanol + 100% unleaded gasoline), E3 (3% ethanol + 97% unleaded gasoline), ...

In this paper a new integrated model of the dynamic environmental/economic dispatch (DEED) problem and emergency demand response program (EDRP) has been presented by which their interactions are investigated. DEED schedules the online generators power output over the whole dispatch period subject to some practical constraints so that the fuel costs and emission are optimized simultaneously. EDR...

Sewage sludge is a considerable source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission in the field of organic solid waste treatment and disposal. In this case study, total GHG emissions from sludge anaerobic digestion, including direct and indirect emissions as well as replaceable emission reduction due to biogas being reused instead of natural gas, were quantified respectively. The results indicated that no...