San Marino is a small independent Republic encircled by Italy, with a population of approximately 20,000. It still maintains an ethnic profile favoured by a tendency to genetic segregation due to endogamy. Since 1908 detailed data have been kept on all deaths among residents also for those dying outside the country. In this study the mortality trends based on crude rates are reported for all ne...

We present 2 cases of likely rare event. In case 1, 3(rd) degree consanguineous marriage revealed inv(6) with same break points in parents who were found to be phenotypically normal. The same inv(6) being inherited in progeny but presented with low AMH (anti Mullerian hormone) and high level of FSH (follicular stimulating hormone) leading to polycystic ovarian syndrome/premature ovarian failure...

The Gypsies (a misnomer, derived from an early legend about Egyptian origins) defy the conventional definition of a population: they have no nation-state, speak different languages, belong to many religions and comprise a mosaic of socially and culturally divergent groups separated by strict rules of endogamy. Referred to as "the invisible minority", the Gypsies have for centuries been ignored ...

Using surname distributions, we compare long run social mobility rates for elite and underclass groups in India 1860-2012, with those of other societies such as Sweden and the USA. It is not clear whether recent social mobility rates in India should be higher or lower than in the West. The caste system notoriously embedded privilege in elite castes. But since Independence a quota of places in h...

The population of the northeast of Brazil is characterized by high rates of endogamy and disabilities. An epidemiological cross-sectional study using the informant method was conducted in eight communities in the hinterlands of Paraiba to describe genetic and acquired diseases that cause disabilities and to estimate the costs of specialized services such as physiotherapy and the acquisition of ...

Background In some species, presence of multiple paternity, due to polyandric behavior have important consequences in the effective size of a population when compared to unique paternity, mainly when it is about endangered species[1]. Because the exacerbated exploitation of meat, guts and eggs as food by local communities, giant Amazonian river turtle (Podocnemis expansa) is at low risk/dependa...

South Asia--comprising India, Pakistan, countries in the sub-Himalayan region and Myanmar--was one of the first geographical regions to have been peopled by modern humans. This region has served as a major route of dispersal to other geographical regions, including southeast Asia. The Indian society comprises tribal, ranked caste, and other populations that are largely endogamous. As a result o...

This paper studies the formation of marriage relationships between two households in 19 century, Tama, Japan. Previous studies on marriage market or partner selection in the Japanese past tended to rely either on information from a single village in case of statistical analysis, or on collection of oral histories. By using the information from a household register that covers 35 villages, and a...

This paper reviews what is currently known about the presence of consanguinity and endogamy in the Netherlands, in the past and today, and concludes with a discussion of medical genetic aspects. First geographic characteristics, the demographic history, the genetic make-up of the native population, legal aspects and the public opinion are reviewed. Then data on the prevalence of consanguinity i...

Most Indian groups descend from a mixture of two genetically divergent populations: Ancestral North Indians (ANI) related to Central Asians, Middle Easterners, Caucasians, and Europeans; and Ancestral South Indians (ASI) not closely related to groups outside the subcontinent. The date of mixture is unknown but has implications for understanding Indian history. We report genome-wide data from 73...