The performance of plasma facing components (PFC) is of great important for the realization of prototype nuclear fusion. Tungsten has been considered as the leading high-Z PFC material for these reactors and tokamaks due to its superior thermophysical properties, high melting point, low sputtering yield, and low tritium inventory. However, its surface deteriorates significantly under helium ion...

Interstellar pickup ions are dynamically important in the outer heliosphere where they mass-load and heat the solar wind. Some of these pickup ions are transformed into energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) by charge exchange with the residual cold interstellar gas that is the primary constituent of the outer heliosphere. The most detailed measurements of interstellar pickup ions in the heliosphere ar...

Introduction: Several mechanisms have been identified to result in escape of the Martian atmosphere. These mechanisms can be divided in two groups [1]: • Thermal escape or Jeans escape, which corresponds to the loss of atoms in the high energy tail of the energy distribution at the exobase. This mechanism is important only for the light species such as hydrogen or deuterium. • Non-thermal escap...

Evidence from hemodynamic and electrophysiological measures suggests that the processing of emotionally relevant information occurs in a spatially and temporally distributed affective network. ERP studies of emotional stimulus processing frequently report differential responses to emotional stimuli starting around 120 msec. However, the involvement of structures that seem to become activated at...

A strong super-Alfv\'{e}nic drift of energetic particles (or cosmic rays, CRs) in a magnetized plasma can amplify the magnetic field significantly through non-resonant streaming instability (NRSI). While traditional analysis is done for an ion current, here we use kinetic particle-in-cell simulations to study how NRSI behaves when it driven by electrons or mixture and positrons. In particular, ...

Energetic materials store a large amount of chemical energy that can be readily converted into mechanical energy via decomposition. A number of different ignition processes such as sparks, shocks, heat, or arcs can initiate the excited electronic state decomposition of energetic materials. Experiments have demonstrated the essential role of excited electronic state decomposition in the energy c...

Male allocare among nonhuman primates has frequently been investigated from the perspective of the caretaker. Here we examined whether male allocare relates to environmental factors or the females' energetic stress. We researched the possible differences of allocare between sexes in free-ranging black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) in Tibet. A combination of stepwise least s...

Internal kink instabilities exhibiting fishbone like behaviour have been observed in a variety of experiments where a high energy electron population, generated by strong auxiliary heating and/or current drive systems, was present. The results of global, self-consistent, non-linear hybrid MHD-Gyrokinetic simulations will be presented. Linear dynamics analysis will enlighten the effect of consid...